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Intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliates are commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild apes of the genera Pan and Gorilla. Although some authors previously considered entodiniomorphid ciliates as possible pathogens, a symbiotic function within the intestinal ecosystem and their participation in fiber fermentation has been proposed. Previous studies have suggested that these ciliates gradually disappear under captive conditions. We studied entodiniomorphid ciliates in 23 captive groups of chimpanzees, three groups of captive bonobos and six populations of wild chimpanzees. Fecal samples were examined using Sheather's flotation and Merthiolate-Iodine-Formaldehyde Concentration (MIFC) methods. We quantified the number of ciliates per gram of feces. The MIFC method was more sensitive for ciliate detection than the flotation method. Ciliates of genus Troglodytella were detected in 13 groups of captive chimpanzees, two groups of bonobos and in all wild chimpanzee populations studied. The absence of entodiniomorphids in some captive groups might be because of the extensive administration of chemotherapeutics in the past or a side-effect of the causative or prophylactic administration of antiparasitic or antibiotic drugs. The infection intensities of ciliates in captive chimpanzees were higher than in wild ones. We suppose that the over-supply of starch, typical in captive primate diets, might induce an increase in the number of ciliates. In vitro studies on metabolism and biochemical activities of entodiniomorphids are needed to clarify their role in ape digestion.
- MeSH
- Ciliophora klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- divoká zvířata MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- Gorilla gorilla parazitologie MeSH
- infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora epidemiologie veterinární MeSH
- nemoci lidoopů epidemiologie MeSH
- Pan paniscus anatomie a histologie parazitologie MeSH
- Pan troglodytes anatomie a histologie parazitologie MeSH
- stromy MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- zvířata v ZOO MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Uganda MeSH
'Oligotrichous' ciliates have been traditionally placed in a presumed monophyletic taxon called the Oligotrichia. However, gene sequences of the small subunit rRNA gene, and several other genes, suggest that the taxon is not monophyletic: although statistical support for this is not strong, the oligotrich Halteria grandinella is associated with the hypotrich ciliates and not with other oligotrich genera, such as Strombidium and Strombidinopsis. This has convinced some taxonomists to emphasize that morphological features strongly support the monophyly of the oligotrichs. To further test this hypothesis of monophyly, we have undertaken a phylogenomic analysis using the transcriptome of H. grandinella cells amplified by a single-cell technique. One hundred and twenty-six of 159 single-gene trees placed H. grandinella as sister to hypotrich species, and phylogenomic analyses based on a subset of 124 genes robustly rejected the monophyly of the Oligotrichia and placed the genus Halteria as sister to the hypotrich genera Stylonychia and Oxytricha. We use these phylogenomic analyses to assess the convergent nature of morphological features of oligotrichous ciliates. A particularly 'strong' morphological feature supporting monophyly of the oligotrichs is enantiotropic cell division, which our results suggest is nevertheless a convergent feature, arising through the need for dividing ciliates to undertake rotokinesis to complete cell division.
Galvanotaxis was shown to be an efficient method for cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliate protozoa whose harvesting (centrifugation of large volumes of in vitro cultures followed by repeated washing of the sediment to remove plant debris) is time consuming. We suggested the use of a new galvanotaxis apparatus (a small-capacity two-way glass stopcock) to improve cell yield in concentrating the rumen ciliate protozoa and cleaning them from impurities. Migration of the ciliates (Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium furca monolobum and Diploplastron affine) into the cathode compartment under different electric currents (0, 5, 10, and 15 mA) and intervals (5, 10, 20, and 30 min) was evaluated. The lethal current level was 20 mA. Cell yield was 9-81%, depending on ciliate species, migration time and current. The migration time significantly affected both E. caudatum and D. affine. The electric current-migration time interplay was shown to be significant in both E. caudatum and D. affine. The advantages and disadvantages of the tested apparatus were determined; the two-way glass stopcock was very convenient for both cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliate in vitro cultures by galvanotaxis.
Balantidiasis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease with pigs serving as reservoir hosts. However, Balantidium coli has been recorded in many other mammalian species, including primates. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity of B. coli in non-human primates using two gene markers (SSrDNA and ITS1-5.8SDNA-ITS2). We analyzed 49 isolates of ciliates from fecal samples originating from 11 species of captive and wild primates, domestic pigs and wild boar. The phylogenetic trees were computed using Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood. Balantidium entozoon from edible frog and Buxtonella sulcata from cattle were included in the analyses as the closest relatives of B. coli, as well as reference sequences of vestibuliferids. The SSrDNA tree showed the same phylogenetic diversification of B. coli at genus level as the tree constructed based on the ITS region. Based on the polymorphism of SSrDNA sequences, the type species of the genus, namely B. entozoon, appeared to be phylogenetically distinct from B. coli. Thus, we propose a new genus Neobalantidium for the homeothermic clade. Moreover, several isolates from both captive and wild primates (excluding great apes) clustered with B. sulcata with high support, suggesting the existence of a new species within this genus. The cysts of Buxtonella and Neobalantidium are morphologically indistinguishable and the presence of Buxtonella-like ciliates in primates opens the question about possible occurrence of these pathogens in humans.
- MeSH
- balantidióza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- Balantidium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- divoká zvířata MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- geny rRNA MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nemoci primátů parazitologie MeSH
- primáti MeSH
- protozoální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA protozoální genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Murein polysaccharides may contribute to a considerable part of the dry matter of bacterial cells. Their utilization by protozoa inhabiting the rumen is, however, poorly recognized. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of three species of ciliates, i.e., Eudiplodinium maggii, Diploplastron affine, and Entodinium caudatum of digest, and ferment these saccharides. The cultivation experiments showed that the enrichment of growth medium with bacterial cell wall β-glycans increased the ciliate number (p < 0.05). A statistically significant increase (p < 0.01) was followed by a continuous decrease (p < 0.01) in the percentage of individuals containing β-glycans particles after 4- and 24-h incubation of ciliates with this substrate, respectively. The enzymatic experiments confirmed the ability of the examined protozoa to digest murein. E. caudatum exhibited the highest activity (8.2 unit (U)/mg protein per min), and E. maggii, the lowest (3.0 U/mg protein per min). The production rates of volatile fatty acids by starved and fed ciliate species were 0.7 and 1.6 (E. caudatum) pmol/ciliate cell per h, 30.5 and 42.5 (E. maggii) pmol/ciliate cell per h, and 8.3 and 19.2 (D. affine) pmol/ciliate cell per h (p < 0.05).
- MeSH
- bachor parazitologie MeSH
- Bacteria chemie MeSH
- Ciliophora metabolismus MeSH
- kultivační média chemie MeSH
- kyseliny mastné těkavé metabolismus MeSH
- peptidoglykan izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- polysacharidy metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Investigations on the epizoic fauna of Gadus morhua (L.), Platichthys flesus (L.) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) from the Kiel Fjord and Kiel Bight were carried out from September 1996 to March 1997. Smears from 120 G. morhua and 92 P. flesus caught using fish traps and trammel nets, and of 35 O. mykiss obtained from a local fish farm in the Kiel Fjord revealed the presence of three species of trichodinid ciliates, Trichodina claviformiis sp. n., Trichodina jadranica Haider, 1964 and Trichodina raabei Lom, 1962. The new species can be distinguished from other trichodinids by its large size in combination with the characteristically shaped adhesive disc containing denticles with club-like formed thorns. The thorns are directed anteriorly and not towards the centre of the adhesive disc. As the Kiel Bight and Kiel Fjord are new locality records for T. jadranica and T. raabei, morphological data are provided for both species. Trichodina claviformis is the first record of a peritrichous mobiline ciliate from Atlantic cod of the Baltic Sea. An identification key for 16 Trichodina species occurring on Baltic Sea fishes is provided based on the morphology of the adhesive disc and other well-established features. The occurrence of trichodinid ciliates on G. morhua and P. flesus in the Baltic Sea is discussed, especially considering the biology of the host and a possible host specificity of the species.
- MeSH
- Ciliophora klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- mořská voda MeSH
- nemoci ryb parazitologie MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss parazitologie MeSH
- platýs parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- pobaltské republiky MeSH
