• MeSH
• amébová dyzenterie diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• ankylostomóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• anthelmintika aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• askarióza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• balantidióza diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• blastocystóza MeSH
• cestodózy patofyziologie   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• Cryptosporidium parvum patogenita   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• cyklosporóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• dientamébóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Entamoeba histolytica patogenita   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• enterobióza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• Giardia lamblia patogenita   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• giardiáza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• helmintóza * diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• infekce červy třídy Trematoda etiologie   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• izosporóza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• kryptosporidióza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mebendazol terapeutické užití   MeSH
• metronidazol škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• nekatoriáza diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• nematodózy patofyziologie   přenos   MeSH
• parazitární nemoci střev * diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• paromomycin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• strongyloidiáza diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• trichurióza diagnóza   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

We carried out a calibration of FLOTAC for ciliates Troglodytella abrassarti and Neobalantidium coli based on the selection of a most appropriate flotation solutions, and we also tested its accuracy (i.e., number of detected stages out of known added number of stages to fecal samples) and sensitivity for trophozoites of both ciliates in chimpanzee feces and N. coli cysts in pig feces, compared the detection threshold of FLOTAC with MIF-based sedimentation, and, subsequently, tested the losses of ciliate stages during sample preparation. Nine flotation solutions were evaluated, and ZnSO4 solution (specific gravity [s.g.] 1.2) showed to be the most suitable for trophozoite detection, while Sheather's solution (s.g. 1.33) was selected as most suitable for cysts. The FLOTAC sensitivity in detection of both stages varied: for trophozoites, we found all samples were positive when the intensity of infection 10 trophozoites per gram and higher, whereas for cysts the sensitivity was lower. The accuracy of FLOTAC negatively correlated with infection intensity, and the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde sedimentation-based quantification had a lower detection threshold. We demonstrated additional losses of stages of T. abrassarti and N. coli due to their retention in the sediment, which is probably a major reason for discrepancies in the numbers of countable ciliates between both methods. In conclusion, the FLOTAC should not be considered as a gold standard for quantification of intestinal ciliates in primates; instead, we recommend the modified MIF method.

• MeSH
• Ciliophora izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora diagnóza   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• kalibrace MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• nemoci lidoopů diagnóza   parazitologie   MeSH
• nemoci prasat diagnóza   parazitologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes parazitologie   MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• roztoky chemie   klasifikace   MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• specifická hustota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• validační studie MeSH

Balantidiasis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease with pigs serving as reservoir hosts. However, Balantidium coli has been recorded in many other mammalian species, including primates. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity of B. coli in non-human primates using two gene markers (SSrDNA and ITS1-5.8SDNA-ITS2). We analyzed 49 isolates of ciliates from fecal samples originating from 11 species of captive and wild primates, domestic pigs and wild boar. The phylogenetic trees were computed using Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood. Balantidium entozoon from edible frog and Buxtonella sulcata from cattle were included in the analyses as the closest relatives of B. coli, as well as reference sequences of vestibuliferids. The SSrDNA tree showed the same phylogenetic diversification of B. coli at genus level as the tree constructed based on the ITS region. Based on the polymorphism of SSrDNA sequences, the type species of the genus, namely B. entozoon, appeared to be phylogenetically distinct from B. coli. Thus, we propose a new genus Neobalantidium for the homeothermic clade. Moreover, several isolates from both captive and wild primates (excluding great apes) clustered with B. sulcata with high support, suggesting the existence of a new species within this genus. The cysts of Buxtonella and Neobalantidium are morphologically indistinguishable and the presence of Buxtonella-like ciliates in primates opens the question about possible occurrence of these pathogens in humans.

• MeSH
• balantidióza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Balantidium klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• geny rRNA MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci primátů parazitologie   MeSH
• primáti MeSH
• protozoální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA protozoální genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Troglodytella abrassarti is an intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliate commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild and captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Entodiniomorphids could be considered to have a mutualistic relationship with the great apes, in that the ciliates benefit from the intestinal ecosystem of the host, while also contributing to the fiber fermentation process. We examined the effect of diet on the infection intensities of T. abrassarti in two captive chimpanzees in the Liberec Zoo, Czech Republic. The chimpanzees were fed a low-fiber diet (LFD) with 14% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and a high-fiber diet (HFD; 26% NDF) for 10 days with one transition, and two 10-day adaptation periods. Fecal samples were examined coproscopically with the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique, in order to quantify the number of ciliates per gram of feces. A significant trend of increasing T. abrassarti numbers was observed when the animals were fed the LFD, compared to when they were fed the HFD. Our results suggest, however, that infection intensities of T. abrassarti in captive chimpanzees are not influenced primarily by the amount of fiber in the diet, but rather by the dietary starch concentration (HFD: 1%; LFD: 8%).

• MeSH
• dieta veterinární   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• Pan troglodytes parazitologie   MeSH
• potravní vláknina aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• škrob MeSH
• Trichostomatina izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The entodiniomorphid ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti is a colonic mutualist of great apes. Its host specificity makes it a suitable model for studies of primate evolution. We explored molecular diversity of T. abrassarti with regard to large geographical distribution and taxonomic diversity of its most common host, the chimpanzee. We found a very low diversification of T. abrassarti in chimpanzees across Africa. Distribution of two types of T. abrassarti supports evolutionary separation of the Western chimpanzee, P. t. verus, from populations in Central and East Africa. Type I T. abrassarti is probably a derived form, which corresponds with the Central African origin of chimpanzees and a founder event leading to P. t. verus. Exclusivity of the respective types of T. abrassarti to Western and Central/Eastern chimpanzees corroborates the difference found between an introduced population of presumed Western chimpanzees on Rubondo Island and an autochthonous population in mainland Tanzania. The identity of T. abrassarti from Nigerian P. t. ellioti and Central African chimpanzees suggests their close evolutionary relationship. Although this contrasts with published mtDNA data, it corroborates current opinion on the exclusive position of P. t. verus within the chimpanzee phylogeny. The type of T. abrassarti occurring in Central and East African common chimpanzee was confirmed also in bonobos. This may point to the presence of an ancestral Type II found throughout the Lower Guinean rainforest dating back to the common Pan ancestor. Alternatively, the molecular uniformity of T. abrassarti may imply a historical overlap of the species' distribution ranges.

• MeSH
• Ciliophora genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora genetika   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• Pan troglodytes genetika   parazitologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• protozoální DNA analýza   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• symbióza genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• subsaharská Afrika MeSH

Trophozoites of Troglocorys cava were detected in all but one of the wild chimpanzee populations from Rubondo Island (Tanzania), with a prevalence ranging between 20% and 78%. However, the ciliate was absent in all captive groups. Prevalence appeared to increase with the number of sequential samples taken from a particular individual and reached 95.5% in wild individuals sampled at least 4 times.

• MeSH
• Ciliophora klasifikace   cytologie   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• nemoci primátů epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes parazitologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Tanzanie MeSH

Intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliates are commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild apes of the genera Pan and Gorilla. Although some authors previously considered entodiniomorphid ciliates as possible pathogens, a symbiotic function within the intestinal ecosystem and their participation in fiber fermentation has been proposed. Previous studies have suggested that these ciliates gradually disappear under captive conditions. We studied entodiniomorphid ciliates in 23 captive groups of chimpanzees, three groups of captive bonobos and six populations of wild chimpanzees. Fecal samples were examined using Sheather's flotation and Merthiolate-Iodine-Formaldehyde Concentration (MIFC) methods. We quantified the number of ciliates per gram of feces. The MIFC method was more sensitive for ciliate detection than the flotation method. Ciliates of genus Troglodytella were detected in 13 groups of captive chimpanzees, two groups of bonobos and in all wild chimpanzee populations studied. The absence of entodiniomorphids in some captive groups might be because of the extensive administration of chemotherapeutics in the past or a side-effect of the causative or prophylactic administration of antiparasitic or antibiotic drugs. The infection intensities of ciliates in captive chimpanzees were higher than in wild ones. We suppose that the over-supply of starch, typical in captive primate diets, might induce an increase in the number of ciliates. In vitro studies on metabolism and biochemical activities of entodiniomorphids are needed to clarify their role in ape digestion.

• MeSH
• Ciliophora klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci lidoopů epidemiologie   MeSH
• Pan paniscus anatomie a histologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes anatomie a histologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• stromy MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Uganda MeSH

Entodiniomorphid ciliates are often present in the colons of wild apes. In captive apes the infection tends to gradually disappear, with the exception of Troglodytella abrassarti. We used fecal examinations to screen the gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in European (Czech Republic, UK) and Australian Zoos to explore the ape-to-ape transmission pattern of T. abrassarti. Gorillas from two out of three European Zoos were positive for T. abrassarti, while gorillas from the Australian Zoo were negative. We documented a horizontal transmission of T. abrassarti to a non-infected adult gorilla introduced into a Troglodytella-positive group in the Prague Zoo and traced the origin of the ciliate infection to the Paignton Zoo (UK) using serial fecal examinations. During this study, two infant gorillas born in the Prague Zoo (CZ) first became positive for T. abrassarti at the age of 9 mo. Ciliate morphology and the sequencing of the small subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer rDNA spacer region revealed that T. abrassarti affects both captive gorillas and chimpanzees. We conclude that zoo transport plays a major role in the distribution of T. abrassarti among captive gorillas.

• MeSH
• Ciliophora genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora přenos   veterinární   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
• protozoální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• ribozomální DNA genetika   chemie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční homologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH
• Česká republika MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH

• MeSH
• amébiáza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• balantidióza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• blastocystóza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• cyklosporóza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• giardiáza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• izosporóza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• kryptosporidióza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrosporidióza diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• protozoální infekce klasifikace   MeSH
• průjem etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• MeSH
• Ciliophora patogenita   růst a vývoj   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• LD50 MeSH
• ryby parazitologie   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• virulence MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH