The presented study examines the question of colour categorization in relation to the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. The study is based on research conducted by Gilbert et al. (2006) and their claim that linguistic colour categorization in a particular language helps colour recognition and speeds the process of colour discrimination for colours from different linguistic categories but only for the right visual field. Our study approached the research question differently. We used the same methodology as Gilbert's team et al. (2006), but we used different colour categories in the Czech language and significantly enlarged the number of participants to 106 undergraduate psychology students. Our results show that the fastest reaction times were in trials when the target was located in the left visual field, quite opposite from the Gilbert's et al. (2006) study. We argue that this finding is based on different processes than simple colour linguistic categorisation and attentional processes actually play an important role in the task.

• MeSH
• Color MeSH
• Language * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Linguistics MeSH
• Attention MeSH
• Color Perception * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Despite object categorization being an important ability for the survival of wild animals, the principles behind this ability have been only scarcely studied using wild-ranging, untrained animals. Reiterating our previous study undertaken with wild-ranging titmice on winter feeders (Nováková et al. Behav Process 143:7-12, 2017), we aimed to test two hypotheses of object recognition proposed by animal psychology studies: the particulate feature theory and recognition by components in the methodological paradigm of nest defence. We tested whether the parents of the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) recognize the dummies of the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), which is a potential predator of large chicks or fledglings, as a threat in case when their body parts are scrambled. The kestrel dummy was presented with the head at the top, in the middle, and at the bottom of the body. We showed that the shrikes did not consider dummies of a kestrel with an inappropriately placed head as a threat to the nest and attacked it equally scarcely as the harmless control. These results support the theory of recognition by components, presuming that the mutual position of body parts is essential for appropriate recognition of the object. When the body parts were scrambled, most of shrikes were not able to identify the kestrel in such an object despite all local features (eye, beak, colouration, and claws) being present. Nevertheless, shrikes did not consider the scrambled dummies as completely harmless, because they fed their chicks in their presence significantly less often than in the presence of harmless control.

• MeSH
• Animals, Wild MeSH
• Falconiformes * MeSH
• Passeriformes * MeSH
• Seasons MeSH
• Recognition, Psychology MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Previous studies have demonstrated that humans have a remarkable capacity to memorise a large number of scenes. The research on memorability has shown that memory performance can be predicted by the content of an image. We explored how remembering an image is affected by the image properties within the context of the reference set, including the extent to which it is different from its neighbours (image-space sparseness) and if it belongs to the same category as its neighbours (uniformity). We used a reference set of 2,048 scenes (64 categories), evaluated pairwise scene similarity using deep features from a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN), and calculated the image-space sparseness and uniformity for each image. We ran three memory experiments, varying the memory workload with experiment length and colour/greyscale presentation. We measured the sensitivity and criterion value changes as a function of image-space sparseness and uniformity. Across all three experiments, we found separate effects of 1) sparseness on memory sensitivity, and 2) uniformity on the recognition criterion. People better remembered (and correctly rejected) images that were more separated from others. People tended to make more false alarms and fewer miss errors in images from categorically uniform portions of the image-space. We propose that both image-space properties affect human decisions when recognising images. Additionally, we found that colour presentation did not yield better memory performance over grayscale images.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neural Networks, Computer * MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Mental Recall physiology   MeSH
• Recognition, Psychology physiology   MeSH
• Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology   MeSH
• Photic Stimulation methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

We compared the responses of the nesting red-backed shrikes (Lanius collurio) to three dummies of a common nest predator, the Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius), each made from a different material (stuffed, plush, and silicone). The shrikes performed defensive behaviour including attacks on all three dummies. Nevertheless, the number of attacks significantly decreased from the stuffed dummy through the plush dummy and finally to the silicone dummy. Our results show that wild birds use not only colours but also other surface features as important cues for recognition and categorization of other bird species. Moreover, the silicone dummy was attacked only when presented after the stuffed or plush dummy. Thus, we concluded that the shrikes recognized the jay only the stuffed (with feathered surface) and plush (with hairy surface) dummies during the first encounter. Recognition of the silicon dummy (with glossy surface) was facilitated by previous encounters with the more accurate model. This process resembles the effect of perceptual priming, which is widely described in the literature on humans.

• MeSH
• Nesting Behavior MeSH
• Repetition Priming * MeSH
• Predatory Behavior * MeSH
• Recognition, Psychology * MeSH
• Songbirds * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Food Contamination MeSH
• Food Inspection MeSH
• Food Additives analysis   toxicity   MeSH

• Conspectus
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NML Fields
• nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa
• zemědělství a potravinářství
• hygiena
• toxikologie
• NML Publication type
• publikace WHO

Zvířata vždy představovala důležitou součást života člověka, a proto v něm mohou vyvolávat nejrůznější emoce. V této práci jsme se zaměřili na pozitivní emoce, které v nás zvířata vzbuzují, a to zejména na krásu viděnou lidskýma očima. Jelikož na světě existuje velké množství druhů patřících do různých taxonomických skupin, je důležité se podívat, jak lidé zvířata kognitivně kategorizují a jaké charakteristiky ovlivňují hodnocení krásy v každé skupině zvířat zvlášť. Zajímalo nás, zda krásu ovlivňuje velikost a tvar těla nebo barevnost či vzor jednotlivých druhů. V předchozích pracích byla úspěšně využita testovací metoda předkládání stimulů v podobě fotografií zvířat, které respondenti hodnotí podle vnímané krásy. Na základě této metody vzniklo mnoho prací zkoumající vztah ke zvířatům (jak pozitivní, tak negativní) a umožnilo provádět výzkumy i v jiných zemích. Mezikulturní srovnání vnímání krásy je důležitou součástí výzkumu krásy zvířat, neboť umožňuje porovnat názory lidí na zvířata z odlišných kulturních prostředí, včetně domorodých obyvatel žijících dodnes v lovecko-sběračském uspořádání. Pokud by totiž byly znaky určující, co je na zvířatech krásné, mezikulturně shodné, dá se předpokládat, že pozitivní vnímání zvířat se vyvinulo v evoluci dříve, než lidé osídlili celý svět, a tudíž není závislé na současném prostředí. Vnímání krásy zvířat není zajímavé jen z hlediska evoluce, ale dává nám možnost využít tyto poznatky v cílených kampaních na pomoc ohroženým druhům zvířat. Tato práce je shrnutím výsledků studií zabývajících se pozitivním vnímáním zvířat na různé úrovni a v různých souvislostech a přináší ucelený pohled na vnímání krásy zvířat u lidí.

Animals have always represented an important part of life and thus they can evoke a wide range of emotions. This work has focused on the positive emotions evoked by animals in humans, specifically beauty as seen by human eyes. Since there is a multitude of species in the world that belong to various taxonomic groups, it is important to examine, how humans cognitively categorize them and what characteristics influence the perception of beauty in individual groups. The question was whether the size and shape of the animals’ bodies or their colour and markings influence their beauty. Previous research has successfully employed the testing method of presenting stimuli in form of photographed animals, which were then rated by respondents according to perceived beauty. Numerous works based on this method originated, studying both positive and negative attitude towards animals, which enabled further research to be carried out in other countries. Cross-cultural comparison of the perception of beauty is an important part of the research of animal beauty, because it allows a comparison of opinions on animals of people from different cultural backgrounds, including native groups still living in hunter-gatherer hierarchy to this day. Identical features of what is seen as beautiful across cultures would imply that the positive perception of animals evolved before the humans settled the whole world and is thus independent of the current environment. The perception of animal beauty is an interesting subject not merely from an evolutionary standpoint, but also since it opens a possibility to use the findings in campaigns targeted to help endangered species. This work is a summary of results of studies focused on positive perception of animals on different levels and in different contexts, and it offers a concise overview of the perception of beauty by humans.

• MeSH
• Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms MeSH
• Emotions * MeSH
• Esthetics MeSH
• Beauty MeSH
• Cultural Diversity MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Color Perception MeSH
• Animals * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals * MeSH

Vzhledem ke vzrůstajícímu počtu obyvatel Čínské lidové republiky a současným globalizačním tendencím společnosti, nevyjímajíce obyvatele ČLR, je jistě potřebné, abychom v odborné ošetřovatelské veřejnosti znali alespoň základní informace o příslušnících čínské minoritní skupiny žijící v ČR a jejich specifika v oblasti ošetřovatelské péče. Tato výzkumná práce je zpracována pomocí metod kvalitativního výzkumu. Výzkumným cílem této práce bylo zpracovat zvláštnosti ošetřovatelské péče, které si příslušníci čínské menšiny přejí respektovat. Sběr dat byl proveden pomocí polostruktorovaného rozhovoru u příslušníků čínské minoritní skupiny v ČR. Obsah otázek použitého polostrukturovaného rozhovoru vychází zejména z koncepčních ošetřovatelských modelů M. Gordonové, M. Leiningerové a modelu J. Gigerové – R. Davidhizerové. K dosažení cíle bylo stanoveno pět výzkumných otázek. Na základě výsledků rozhovorů jsou vytvořeny kazuistiky. Kazuistiky tvoří výzkumný podklad, ze kterého vycházejí kategorizované tabulky a grafy (modifikovaný přístup rámcové analýzy), v nichž jsou sumarizovány nejdůležitější výsledky výzkumu. K hlavním výsledkům řadíme zjištěné zvláštnosti ošetřovatelské péče v oblasti odběrů krve, sdělování lékařské diagnózy obvšichzvláště rodině, obavy ze závislosti na lécích a také bolest a její řešení. K dalším výsledkům patří také popis toho, jak vnímají příslušníci čínské minoritní skupiny české ošetřovatelství a sestru jako poskytovatelku odborné ošetřovatelské péče. Na základě výsledků práce jsou navrženy hypotézy určené k dalšímu výzkumnému využití. Základní informace o příslušnících čínské minoritní skupiny žijící v ČR jsme zpracovali do informačního sumáře a do standardu ošetřovatelské péče. Každý z nás při kontaktu s ošetřovatelským personálem očekává kvalitní, individuální a ohleduplnou péči. Je nutné respektovat specifika všech pacientů bez ohledu na barvu pleti, politické či spirituální vyznání. Je vhodné se v době poskytování profesionální ošetřovatelské péče „povznést“ nad hranice své vlastní kultury a zvyklosti s cílem poskytnutí co nejefektivnější ošetřovatelské péče našemu pacientovi/ klientovi z jakékoliv kultury.

Given the increasing number of inhabitants of the People´s Republic of China and contemporary globalisation tendencies in the society including inhabitants of this Republic, it is of course necessary to know at least principal information concerning members of the Chinese minority living in the Czech Republic and their specific features in the field of nursing care. This research work was elaborated with the use of qualitative research methods. The research target of the present work was to consider special features of the nursing care, which should be respected according to the members of the Chinese minority. The data accumulation was provided with the help of semi-structured interviews with members of the Chinese minority group in the Czech Republic. The scope of questions of the semi-structured interview used is particularly based on conceptual nursing models by M. Gordon, M. Leininger and a model by J. Giger – R. Davidhizer. To achieve this target, five research questions were established. Case reports were obtained based on results of the interviews. The case reports form a research basis for categorized tables and graphs (modified approach of framework analysis), where most important research results are summarized. The main results include the determined specific features of the nursing care in the field of sampling the blood, communicating medical diagnosis, particularly for the family, fear of drug dependence and also pain and its solution. Further results also include a description of the perception of Czech nursing and nurses as providers of the special nursing care by members of the Chinese minority group. Based on the results of the work, hypotheses are proposed, designed for the further research. The principal data concerning members of the Chinese minority group living in the Czech Republic were arranged in an information summary and standards of nursing care. In contact with nursing personnel, everybody of us expects quality individual and respectful care. It is necessary to respect specific features of all the patients regardless of the colour of the skin and political or spiritual creed. When granting the professional nursing care, it is necessary to rise above limits of our own culture and habits with the aim to provide our patient/client from any cultural group with as effective nursing care as possible.

• MeSH
• Pain drug therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Communication MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pain Management MeSH
• Minority Groups psychology   MeSH
• Nursing Care methods   utilization   MeSH
• Patient Rights MeSH
• Interviews as Topic MeSH
• Truth Disclosure MeSH
• Nurse-Patient Relations ethics   MeSH
• Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice MeSH
• Health Status MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• China MeSH