Cotinine Level
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
The COPHES/DEMOCOPHES twin project was performed in 2011-2012 in 17 European countries to harmonize all steps of the human biomonitoring survey. Urinary cadmium, cotinine, phthalate metabolites, and hair mercury were measured in children (N = 120, 6-11 years) and their mothers of reproductive age, living in urban or rural areas. Cadmium in mothers' and children's urine was detected at a geometric mean (GM) concentration 0.227 and 0.109 μg/L, respectively; 95th percentile (P95) was 0.655 and 0.280 μg/L in mothers and children, respectively. No age-related, education-related, or urban versus rural differences were observed within the frame of each population group. Cadmium urinary level in mothers was about twofold compared with children. Higher levels were obtained in all smoking mothers but not in occasionally smoking or mothers and children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Mercury values in mothers were significantly higher in urban than in rural populations but not in children. GM and P95 for mercury in children's hair were 0.098 and 0.439 μg/g and in mothers' hair were 0.155 and 0.570 μg/g. Concentrations for mercury in the Czech samples were lower than European average. Hair mercury increased significantly with consumption of fish or seafood and with number of amalgam tooth fillings (in children). A positive association was found with family educational level. No influence of age was observed. Urinary cadmium and hair mercury levels were lower than health-based guidelines with one exception. High levels of urinary cotinine were found in the 12 smoking mothers (GM approximately 500 μg/L); lower levels in occasionally smoking mothers, N = 11 (34.5 μg/L). The mean cotinine levels in nonsmoking mothers who reported daily exposure to ETS was 10.7 μg/L. A similar mean value (10.8 μg/L) was obtained in six children who had daily exposure to ETS. In children without exposure to ETS, the mean cotinine level was 1.39 μg/L urine. Cotinine in the urine of children demonstrates limited protection of the Czech children against exposure to ETS.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kadmium analýza moč MeSH
- kotinin analýza moč MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matka - expozice noxám statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- matky MeSH
- vlasy, chlupy chemie MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Susceptibility to environmental stressors has been described for fetal and early childhood development. However, the possible susceptibility of the prepubertal period, characterized by the orchestration of the organism towards sexual maturation and adulthood has been poorly investigated and exposure data are scarce. In the current study levels of cadmium (Cd), cotinine and creatinine in urine were analyzed in a subsample 216 children from 12 European countries within the DEMOCOPHES project. The children were divided into six age-sex groups: boys (6-8 years, 9-10 years and 11 years old), and girls (6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years). The number of subjects per group was between 23 and 53. The cut off values were set at 0.1 µg/L for Cd, and 0.8 µg/L for cotinine defined according to the highest limit of quantification. The levels of Cd and cotinine were adjusted for creatinine level. In the total subsample group, the median level of Cd was 0.180 µg/L (range 0.10-0.69 µg/L), and for cotinine the median wet weight value was 1.50 µg/L (range 0.80-39.91 µg/L). There was no significant difference in creatinine and cotinine levels between genders and age groups. There was a significant correlation between levels of cadmium and creatinine in all children of both genders. This shows that even at such low levels the possible effect of cadmium on kidney function was present and measurable. An increase in Cd levels was evident with age. Cadmium levels were significantly different between 6-7 year old girls, 11 year old boys and 10-11 year old girls. As there was a balanced distribution in the number of subjects from countries included in the study, bias due to data clustering was not probable. The impact of low Cd levels on kidney function and gender differences in Cd levels needs further investigation.
- MeSH
- biologické markery moč MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kadmium moč MeSH
- kotinin moč MeSH
- kreatinin moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- puberta moč MeSH
- stárnutí moč MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
- MeSH
- cholesterol krev MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hyperlipidemie metabolismus MeSH
- kotinin krev MeSH
- kouření MeSH
- kyselina močová krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nikotin metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- hodnotící studie MeSH
V současné době je dobře dokumentováno, že kotinin, detekovaný v biologických tekutinách i tělesných tkáních, je vhodným biologickým ukazatelem expozice aktivních kuřáků i nekuřáků tabuovému kouři. Interindividuálni rozdíly v metabolismu nikotinu a vylučování jeho metabolitu kotininu mohou do jisté míry limitovat využití tohoto biologického expozičního testu u jednotlivců. Toto omezeni je kompenzováno využitím vyšetření velkých souborů v epidemiologických studiích. Byly opakovaně nalezeny korelace mezi hladinami kotininu v biologickém materiálu a různými poruchami zdraví souvisejícími s expozicí nekuřáků (především dětí) tabákovému kouři.
Detection of cotinine in biological fluids and body tissues is considered a suitable biomarker of both active smokers and non-smokers exposure to tobacco smoke. The interindividual variability in the metabolism of nicotine and elimination of its metabolite cotinine may limit the value of this test of exposure among individuals. This limitation is compensated in studies of large numbers of subjects, as in epidemiological studies. It has been repeatedly conflrmed that cotinine levels in non-smokers correlated positively with the risk of some tobacco smoke-related health complications, especially among children. At present cotinine is considered as the best available biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke.
Wastewater analysis is a powerful method that can provide useful information about the abuse of legal and illicit drugs. The aim of our study was to determine nicotine consumption during four different music festivals and to find a connection between smoking and preferences for specific music styles using wastewater analysis. The amount of the nicotine metabolite cotinine was monitored in wastewater at the influent of three waste water treatment plants WWTPs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, where the festivals took place. Urinary bio-markers of nicotine utilization were analyzed by LC-HRMS. More than 80,000 festival participants were monitored during our study from June to September 2014. A significant increase of nicotine consumption was observed in wastewaters during music festivals. The nicotine ingestion level was back-calculated and expressed as mass of pure drug consumed per day and per 1000 inhabitants for selected cities of both countries. The highest differences between typical levels of cotinine in wastewaters and the levels during music festivals were detected in Piešťany: 4 g/L/1000 inhabitants during non-festival days compared to 8 g/L/1000 inhabitants during the Topfest pop-rock festival and 6g/L/1000 inhabitants during the Grape dance festival. No significant increase of the amounts of cotinine in wastewater was recorded for the Country and Folk festivals.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- hudba MeSH
- kotinin analýza MeSH
- kouření epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odpadní voda analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Slovenská republika epidemiologie MeSH
Východisko. V rámci epidemiologických studií zdravotního stavu předškolních dětí ve věku 3 a 4,5 roku v okresech Teplice a Prachatice jsme sledovali četnost kuřáků v rodinách a expozici dětí tabákovému kouři. Metody a výskedky. Podle dotazníků vyplněných matkami dětí narozených v letech 1994–1998 kouřilo 35,6 % z 1128 matek a 48,9 % z 1075 jejich manželů/partnerů. S přihlédnutím k spolubydlícím osobám žilo 41,6 % dětí v domácnosti bez kuřáků, 30,1 % dětí v domácnosti s jedním kuřákem, a 24,0 % dětí v domácnosti se dvěma kuřáky. V okrese Teplice bylo mezi matkami i otci více kuřáků než v okrese Prachatice (ženy: 41,1 % vs. 28,5 %, muži: 50,8 % vs. 46,5 %). U 523 párů matka – dítě (věk 4,5 roku) jsme měřili koncentraci kotininu jako hlavního metabolitu nikotinu ve vzorcích moče použitím metody radioimunoassay. Koncentrace přesahující 500 ng/mg kreatininu (mezní hodnota pro detekci aktivního kouření) byla detekována u 199 z 523 matek (38 %). Za průkaz expozice tabákovému kouři dětí považujeme hladinu kotininu vyšší než 20 ng/mg kreatininu, která byla zjištěna u 48,2 % z 523 dětí. Z nich bylo výrazně více mezi dětmi žijícími v okrese Teplice (59,2 % z 287 dětí) než v okrese Prachatice (34,7 % z 236 dětí). Závěry. Hladiny kotininu v moči dětí byly statisticky významně pozitivně asociovány s kouřením matky i otce, a negativně s docházením dětí do mateřské školky.
Background. During studies on the health of children aged 3 or 4.5 years in Teplice and Prachatice districts of the Czech Republic, we focused also on the extent of smoking in the families and exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke. Methods and Results. In 1128 questionnaires administered to mothers of children born in 1994–1998, 35.6 % of mothers indicated that they smoked and 48.9% of fathers/partners (N=1075) were smokers. Including other family members, there were 41.6 % families without any smoker, 30.1 % of families with one smoker and 24% families with two smokers (out of 1061 households). Urine samples of 523 pairs of mothers and children (aged 4.5 years) were assayed for cotinine using a RIA radioimmunoassay. Concentration of cotinine was higher than 500 ng cotinine/mg creatinine (the cut-off value for smoking) in 199 of 523 mothers (38 %). Exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (cotinine levels over 20ng/mg creatinine) was detected in 48.2 % of 523 children. There were more children with cotinine levels over 20 ng in Teplice (59.2 % of 287 children) than in Prachatice district (34.7 % of 236 children). Conclusions. Cotinine levels in child’s urine were significantly positively associated with maternal cotinine levels as well as with smoking of mother and father, and were lower in children visiting kindergarten.
- MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- kotinin diagnostické užití moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nikotin metabolismus MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- Světová zdravotnická organizace MeSH
- vzorkové studie MeSH
- znečištění tabákovým kouřem MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships of prenatal and childhood smoke exposure with specific neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems during early childhood. STUDY DESIGN: A subsample (n = 386) of mother-child dyads from the Newborn Epigenetic Study (NEST) prebirth cohort participated in the study. Cotinine concentrations were used to objectively measure prenatal and childhood smoke exposure when youth were aged 3-13 years. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate associations of prenatal and childhood cotinine concentrations with performance on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral symptoms, measured using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition (BASC-2). RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, childhood cotinine concentrations were associated with poorer cognitive performance on tasks measuring cognitive flexibility (B = -1.29; P = .03), episodic memory (B = -0.97; P = .02), receptive language development (B = -0.58; P = .01), and inhibitory control and attention (B = -1.59; P = .006). Although childhood cotinine concentration was associated with higher levels of attention problems (B = 0.83; P = .004) on the BASC-2, after adjustment for confounders, the association is nonsignificant. Although associations for maternal cotinine concentrations were null, an interaction was detected between prenatal and childhood cotinine concentrations on the NIH Toolbox Picture Vocabulary Task (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that childhood tobacco smoke exposure may lead to poorer attention regulation and language acquisition, complex visual processing ability, and attention problems.
- MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * etiologie MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- kotinin MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- znečištění tabákovým kouřem * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
Folikulámí tekutina, která je dostupná u žen léčených pro neplodnost v programech in vitro feriilizace, je vhodným biologickým materiálem pro sledování expozice žen chemickým látkám ze životního a pracovního prostředí. Od r. 1986 byla folikulámí tekutina použita zejména k identifikaci rozdílů v expozici mezi nekouřícími a kouřícími ženami. Studie založené na využití folikulámí tekutiny v oblasti reprodukční toxikologie jsou zatím ojedinělé. Dosavadní publikované výsledky zahraničních i našich autorů shodně potvrzují citlivost, specifičnost a reprodukovatelnost metod vyšetření kotininu, kadmia, zinku, adduktů BaP-DNA a kyseliny askorbové. Vyšetřováni reziduí chemických látek ve folikulámí tekutině otevírá široké možnosti pro objasňování mechanismů, jimiž životní prostředí, pracovní podmínky. kouření a výživa ovlivňují procesy reprodukce u žen.
Follicular fiuid is a new biological medium easily obtained from women treated in an ín vitro feriilization. It is a suitable materiál for evaluation of women's exposure to environmental and occupational chemicals. Until 1986, follicular fluid has been repeatedly used for detection of different chemicals and for evaluation of differences in exposure caused by cigarette smoking. Follicular fluid-based evaluation of chemical exposure in reproductive toxicology is still rather rare. However, published results demonstrate high levels of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of methods for measurement of residues of cotinine, cadmium, zinc, BaP-DNA adducts, and ascorbic acid in follicular fluid. Using follicular fluid as a biological medium for chemical exposure monitoring is a new way for extensive research concemed with the mechanism by which environment, working conditions, smoking and nutrition may influence human reproduction.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fertilizace in vitro MeSH
- folikulární tekutina MeSH
- kadmium metabolismus MeSH
- kotinin metabolismus MeSH
- kouření MeSH
- kyselina askorbová metabolismus moč terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zinek metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
We analyzed the effect of exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) in ambient air on the plasma levels of p53 and p21(WAF1) proteins among city policemen, bus drivers and controls in three European cities: Prague (Czech Republic), Kosice (Slovakia) and Sofia (Bulgaria). p53 and p21(WAF1) proteins are key regulators of the cell cycle and are accepted as universal markers of genotoxic stress and DNA damage. In total 204 exposed subjects (100 smokers, 104 nonsmokers) and 152 controls (54 smokers, 98 nonsmokers) were analyzed. Personal exposure to c-PAHs was evaluated using personal samplers during the working shift. The levels of p53 and p21(WAF1) proteins were assessed by ELISA assay. There were no differences between the levels of either protein between exposed and controls, or smokers and nonsmokers, in any city. However, we observed significant differences in p53 plasma levels in all subjects regardless of the exposure status between the individual cities (median values: 5, 31, 234pg/ml, p<0.001, for Prague, Kosice and Sofia, respectively). The levels correspond to the differences in exposure levels to c-PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in the individual cities. A multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that c-PAHs exposure is a variable significantly affecting levels of both proteins in all locations. When all subjects were divided into the group exposed to below-median levels of c-PAHs and the group exposed to above-median levels of c-PAHs we found significantly higher p53, as well as p21(WAF1) levels in the above-median exposure group (p53, 167pg/ml versus 25pg/ml, p<0.001; p21(WAF1), 2690pg/ml versus 2600pg/ml, p<0.05). Among all subjects p53 plasma levels were positively correlated with p21(WAF1) levels, exposure to B[a]P, c-PAHs and levels of total DNA adducts; for p21(WAF1) levels we observed the positive correlation with cotinine, c-PAHs exposure, total and B[a]P-like DNA adduct levels. In conclusion our results suggest that p53 and p21(WAF1) proteins plasma levels may be useful biomarkers of c-PAHs environmental exposure.
- MeSH
- adukty DNA analýza MeSH
- benzopyren toxicita MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- inhibitor p21 cyklin-dependentní kinasy krev MeSH
- karcinogeny životního prostředí toxicita MeSH
- kotinin krev MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 krev MeSH
- policie MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky toxicita MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
