• MeSH
• cvičení * fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny * imunologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém MeSH
• interleukin-6 imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• muskuloskeletální systém imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• osteoartróza imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• psoriatická artritida imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• revmatoidní artritida imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• syndrom přetrénování imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• tendinopatie imunologie   terapie   MeSH
• terapie cvičením * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

High Intensity Interval Training is a training method based on a combination of periods in which high-intensity load alternate with low-intensity exercise or passive rest, the so-called rest interval or inactive phase. Nowadays it is gaining more popularity among the general population and is applied in modern fitness centers. The authors found that more than 95 % sports centers organizing group lessons in Brno offer some form of HIIT (“Tabata System”, especially). Changing one of the HIIT components will affect the efficiency of the whole system. This effect is demonstrable on the aerobic and anaerobic performance and the composition of body tissues. Our goal within the broad research is to find out what effect changing one variable has on the most widely used HIIT program, and we wanted to examine whether the method is suitable for recreational athletes. The authors have made the first step in the form of pilot research described in this article, trying to design the system and applying the components in it. The experiment involved twenty deliberately selected male probands. They were randomly divided into two intervention groups of ten probands. In both intervention groups, we observed: number of repetitions performed, subjective load assessment (on the Borg scale) and heart rate. The original design of the pilot study included three training units per week for two weeks (a total of six training units). Basic multiple articulated exercises (Burpees and Jump Squats) were selected for both sets in these protocols in order to achieve key intensity for HIIT. There were some limitations of the experiment described in the article. The result of the first pilot study was essential concerning the adequacy of the cycle settings. The authors were forced to stop the piloting after the completion of the first week due to the acute overtraining of the probands. The reason to stop the experiment is attributed to an inadequate frequency of training units in individual weeks, which we reflected in the design of the following pilot study and reduced the number to two. The authors have kept the research questions and present the results of the modified piloting below. It can be assumed that the prolongation of the rest interval has an impact on the ability to perform repeated exercises, heart rate and subjective perception of stress in selected exercises. These results of our pilot research are also related to people's desire to get as much as possible in as little (time) as possible. The HIIT method is (in many aspects) more effective than the continuous method. Its undeniable advantage is time saving, but efficiency is "redeemed" by intensity and demanding character (proved not just in the described experiments). Where is the line between benefit sport and health-threatening sport? What is the "correct" HIIT setting/programming and what causes a change in one of the key variables? Is less sometimes more or more demanding means more effective? Respecting people's demands and desires for performance, mental fitness and physical beauty, with regard to sustainability and health above all, we will seek answers to all these questions. The first step towards finding them is the study carried out.

The survey study focuses on the relation between the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and fitness activities. The results of the analyzed studies (since the year 1971) point out the protective factor of fitness activities in relation to PMS – individual problems are mitigated or eliminated by regular exercise. The article describes the mechanisms of this effect and the intervening variables like ideal BMI or healthy diet, which also have impact on PMS, and which can be found more frequently in fitness women. PMS can also have positive effect on fitness performance in power training. On the contrary, there are studies pointing out the negative impact of exercise on PMS in case of overtraining.

Changes of circulating free plasma DNA (cfDNA) are associated with different types of tissue injury, including those induced by intensive aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Observed changes are dependent from induced inflammation, and thus it may be a potential marker for athletic overtraining. We aimed to identify the response of cfDNA to different types of exercise, with association to exercise intensity as a potential marker of exercise load. Fifty volunteers (25 athletes and 25 physically active men) were assigned to the study and performed maximal aerobic (Bruce test) and anaerobic (Wingate Anaerobic Test) test. Blood samples for cfDNA analysis were collected at four time-points: before, 2-5 min after, 30 min after and 60 min after each type of maximal physical activity. The two-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of group factor on serum cfDNA concentrations (32.15% higher concentration of cfDNA in the athletes). In turn the results of the post hoc test for the interaction of the repeated measures factor and the group showed that while the concentration of cfDNA decreased by 40.10% in the period from 30 min to 60 min after exercise in the control group, the concentration of cfDNA in the group of athletes remained at a similar level. Our analysis presents different responses depending on the intensity and duration of exercise. Our observations imply that formation of cfDNA is associated with response to physical activity but only during maximal effort.

• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• sporty * MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• volné cirkulující nukleové kyseliny krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The possibilities of substantial long-term improvement of predictive timing might be sometimes seen as limited, with scanty information of neural substrates underlying the potential learning process. To address this issue, we have investigated the performance of 21 baseball professionals and 21 matched controls in a predictive motor timing task previously shown to engage the cerebellum. Baseball players, hypothesized as a model of overtraining of the prediction of future state of the surroundings, showed significantly higher quantitative performance than nonathletic controls, with a substantial part of the baseball players reaching levels far beyond the range observed in common population. Furthermore, the qualitative performance profile of baseball players under various conditions as target speed and acceleration modes did not differ from the profile of healthy controls. Our results suggest that regular exigent training has the potential to vastly improve predictive motor timing. Moreover, the quantitative but not qualitative difference in the performance profile allows us to hypothesize that the selective honing of the same cerebellar processes and networks as in non-trained individuals is the substrate for the quantitative performance improvement, without substantial engagement of further neural nodes.

• MeSH
• baseball MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• psychomotorický výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• sportovci * MeSH
• učení fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání času fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The article introduces the issue of monitoring intensively training athletes who wish to avoid overtrai-ning and want their training to be as effective as possible. The current definitions of overreaching and overtraining are addressed, together with the summary of causes, development and prevention of such conditions. The focus of the article is on the overview of relevant diagnostic methods including the latest non-invasive biochemical methods. The complex approach to the selection of psychological and physiological methods to establish the degree of the internal load of athletes is emphasised. A three--degree concept of athlete monitoring according to the demandingness and periodicity of diagnostic methods usage is presented.

• Klíčová slova
• přetrénování,
• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky a postupy klasifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování fyziologických funkcí metody   MeSH
• psychologické testy MeSH
• sportovci * MeSH
• sportovní výkon MeSH
• srdeční frekvence MeSH
• syndrom přetrénování MeSH
• syndrom MeSH
• tělesná námaha * MeSH
• únava diagnóza   etiologie   klasifikace   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The effect of moderate and overtraining exercise on Th1/Th2 balance was evaluated in rat splenocytes. Male Wistar rats were divided into sedentary control (C), moderately trained (MT; V = 20 m/min, 30 min/day, 8 weeks), overtrained (OT; V = 25 m/min, 60 min/day, 11 weeks) and recovered after overtraining (OR) (OT plus 2 weeks recovery) groups. At the end of study, cell viability, proliferation, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion were evaluated in non-stimulated, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concavaline A (Con A)-stimulated splenocytes. Cell viability increased in MT and OR groups compared to control. Cell proliferation was higher in OR group than other groups. IL-4 concentration in PHA-stimulated cells from MT and OT groups, and IL-4 concentration in Con A-stimulated cells from OR and OT groups, were higher than the control group, but not for IFN-γ. In non-stimulated cells, IFN-γ/ IL-4 ratio was higher than MT and OT groups. In PHA and Con A-stimulated cells, IFN-γ/ IL-4 ratio was lower in exercise groups than control. We previously showed that moderate exercise increases Th1 cytokines in serum, but in splenocytes, Th2 or Th1 response may increase depending on the type of mitogen stimulation. Two-week recovery restored Th1/Th2 balance, only in non-stimulated splenocytes of overtrained animals.

• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• cytotoxické T-lymfocyty * sekrece   MeSH
• kultivované buňky imunologie   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• slezina cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• tělesná námaha fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• muskuloskeletální nemoci terapie   MeSH
• sportovní úrazy terapie   MeSH
• sporty MeSH
• Publikační typ
• atlasy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• tělovýchovné lékařství
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

Pojem „vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink (HIIT)“ je v odborných publikacích – zejména zahranič- ních – v posledních letech často frekventovaný a tato tréninková metoda je často implementována do tréninkového procesu v různých sportech. Ne vždy je však sportovcům, resp. trenérům známo, k jakým fyziologickým změnám při této formě zátěže dochází. Z hlediska zkvalitnění tréninkového procesu je rovněž důležité srovnání účinnosti metody HIIT s metodou kontinuální zátěže i s dalšími formami intervalových tréninkových metod. Cílem předložené publikace je analýza a deskripce efektu různých forem HIIT podle předem zvolených ukazatelů (tzv. markerů). Prvním z analyzovaných markerů je VO2 max (maximální spotřeba kyslíku) jako důležitý ukazatel účinnosti intervalového tréninku, dalšími markery jsou utilizace lipidů, změny úrovně hormonů a enzymů. Dalším cílem je objasnění souvislostí, týkajících se energetického krytí, metabolismu a kardiorespiračních funkcí v průběhu použití metody HIIT. V rámci řešení výzkumného záměru jsme se zaměřili výhradně na zahraniční studie (n = 150), z let 1978–2015, z nichž bylo do review vybráno celkem 70 studií z databází SportDiscus, Web of Science, ACSM Journal, PubMed. Výběr byl proveden s ohledem na předem zvolená kritéria, jimiž byla především doba trvání výzkumu, charakter výzkumného souboru, četnost intervencí atd. Pro účely rozšíření teoretických poznatků k problematice energetického krytí, metabolismu a kardiorespiračních funkcí byly analyzovány i některé starší studie z posledních 10–15 let, analýza jednotlivých markerů byla provedena na základě publikací z posledního desetiletí. Výzkumy prokázaly, že HIIT má významný vliv na zvýšení úroveň VO2 max, dále bylo zjištěno, že k adaptaci na tento typ tréninku dochází již po dvou týdnech, což umožňuje zkrácení doby trvání tréninkového procesu. Při tomto typu tréninku dochází současně s EPOC efektem (pozátěžová spotřeba kyslíku) k vyššímu spalování energie řádově v desítkách hodin. Prezentované poznatky mohou být využity ve sportovní praxi pro překonání stagnace sportovní výkonnosti a k dosažení výkonnostního zlepšení vlivem uplatnění metody HIIT. V některých studiích bylo zjištěno, že metodu HIIT lze úspěšně aplikovat také u osob s nadváhou, u osob trpících diabetes melitus, resp. u osob se sedavým životním stylem. Vždy je však nutno dbát na individuální přístup a možné riziko přetrénování.

The HIIT – High Intensity Interval Training has become an increasingly used term in foreign publications and this method is frequently implemented in training processes of many athletes. However not every athlete or trainer is aware of the physiological changes which are caused by this form of training. In order to improve the training process it is important to compare the effectiveness of HIIT with the continual training method or other forms of the interval training. The aim of this publication is to analyze and describe the effect of various forms of HIIT according to the set markers: primarily VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) – interval training effectiveness marker, secondarily lipid utilization, and last but not least hormonal and enzymatic level changes. Another objective of this publication is the clarification and explanation of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function during the application of HIIT method. Within the research plan we focused exclusively on the foreign studies (n = 150) conducted in years 1978–2015 from which we chose 70 studies from databases such as SportDiscus, Web of Science, ACSM Journal, PubMed. The selection was based on the preselected criteria – length of the research, nature of the research group and intervention frequency etc. For the purpose to extend the theoretical bases of the problematics of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function were analyzed several chosen studies from last 10–15 years. The analysis of the individual markers was conducted based on the publications from the last decade. The research has shown that the HIIT has a significant effect on the increase of VO2 max. Further findings also showed that the subject is able to adapt to this type of training in just two weeks which enables the duration of training process to shorten. This type of training also leads simultaneously with EPOC effect (post-exercise oxygen consumption) to higher energy consumption in tens of hours. The presented results can be used in Sports practice to overcome the performance stagnation and lead to performance improvement as a result of the HIIT method implementation. Certain studies show that the HIIT method is also successfully applicable to the overweight individuals, patients with Diabetes mellitus and people with sedentary lifestyle. However, it is always necessary to ensure the individual approach and to avoid the risk of overtraining.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná námaha fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná výchova metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The aim of our research was to evaluate the changes in levels of cytokines and redox state parameters in blood and isolated heart of rats subjected to different swimming protocols. Rats were divided into 3 groups: 1) controls, 2) moderately trained rats that during all 12 weeks swam 1 h/day, 5 days/week, and 3) overtrained rats that in 10(th) week swam twice, 11(th) week 3 times, and in 12(th) week 4 times a day for 1 h. After sacrificing, blood from jugular vein was collected, and the heart excised and perfused on a Langendorff apparatus. Samples of the coronary effluent were collected during coronary autoregulation. Levels of superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), nitric oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in plasma and coronary effluent, while reduced glutathione (GSH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in erythrocytes. Venous blood was also used for interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) determination. Moderate training protocol induced the decrease of TBARS in plasma, while both training protocols induced the decrease of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) in coronary effluent. There was no significant difference in levels of cytokines between groups. The results of study add evidence about beneficial effects of moderate-intensity training on blood and cardiac redox state of rats, and furthermore, shows that exercising frequently, if the intensity stays within moderate range, may not have detrimental effects.

• MeSH
• kondiční příprava zvířat škodlivé účinky   fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mediátory zánětu krev   MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• plavání fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• srdce fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná námaha fyziologie   MeSH
• zánět krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH