Hatchability
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1. Hatching time, hatchability of fertile eggs and embryo mortality under standard egg storage (1 or 5 days at 12 ± 1°C and 55% relative humidity) and incubation conditions (37.5 ± 0.2°C and 50% relative humidity) were analysed in lines long-term selected for high (HG) and low (LG) relative weight gain between 11 and 28 d of age, respectively, and constant body weight at 49 d of age. 2. Egg storage duration did not have an effect on average hatching time. LG quail, characterised by a fast postnatal growth rate immediately after hatching, hatched earlier than HG quail with a low early growth rate (about 391 vs. 406 h after egg setting, respectively). 3. In contrast to hatching time, the hatchability of fertile eggs was influenced by line as well as egg storage duration. Extended storage decreased hatching success in both lines. However, LG eggs exhibited a higher hatchability than HG eggs (1 d storage: 96.0 vs. 82.5%; 5 d storage: 88.7 vs. 72.7%, respectively). 4. Lower hatchability resulted mostly from a higher frequency of embryo death during early (up to d 7) and late (d 14 and later) phases of incubation. 5. An inadequate nutrient supply to embryos in consequence of developmental delay seems to be a key factor decreasing viability of embryos during incubation.
In birds, spectrum of egg white proteins deposited into the egg during its formation are thought to be essential maternal effects. Particularly, egg white lysozyme (LSM), exhibiting great between and within species variability, is considered to be essential for developing avian embryos due to its physiological, antimicrobial, and innate immune defense functions. However, there have been few studies investigating effects of LSM on early post-hatching phenotype, despite its broad physiological and protective role during embryogenesis. Here, we test how experimentally increased concentrations of egg white LSM affect hatchability in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and chick phenotype immediately after hatching (particularly body weight, tarsus length, plasma LSM concentration, and plasma complement activity). Chicks from eggs with increased LSM concentration displayed reduced tarsus length compared to chicks from control eggs while hatchability, body weight and plasma LSM concentration were unaffected. It is worth noting that no effect of increased in ovo lysozyme on eggs hatchability could be related to pathogen-free environment during artificial incubation of experimental eggs causing minimal pressure on embryo viability. While tangible in vivo mechanisms during avian embryogenesis remain to be tested, our study is the first to document experimentally that egg white LSM appears to have growth-regulation role during embryo development, with possible underlying phenotypic consequences in the early post-hatching period in precocial birds.
- MeSH
- Coturnix anatomie a histologie embryologie MeSH
- embryonální vývoj MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- komplement metabolismus MeSH
- muramidasa krev MeSH
- ovum enzymologie MeSH
- tarzus u zvířat anatomie a histologie MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost MeSH
- vaječný bílek chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
1. Hatching time, hatchability of fertile eggs and embryo mortality in relation to (1) physical quality of fresh eggs and (2) embryonic development during storage and incubation periods were analysed after egg storage for 1, 5 or 10 d at 30°C in the meat-type lines of Japanese quail, HG and LG, divergently selected for high and low relative weight gain between 11 and 28 d of age, respectively, and constant body weight at 49 d of age. 2. In both lines, the increase of egg storage temperature from 12°C (standard level) to 30°C increased the egg weight loss during storage, shortened the incubation period and reduced the hatching success. 3. Similar to standard egg storage temperature, LG quail hatched earlier than HG quail after egg storage at 30°C and early and late mortality of both lines increased with a prolonged period of egg storage. In contrast to the standard egg storage conditions, no line differences in hatchability were observed. 4. The results did not identify a relationship between the decrease in hatchability or embryo viability and line differences in external egg parameters as well as any important role of undesirable changes induced by a high storage temperature on albumen viscosity. 5. The pattern of embryonic death, low developmental rate of embryos and a dichotomy between the development of the extra-embryonic vascular system and the embryo itself during egg storage at high temperature implied that an insufficient nutrient supply in consequence of developmental delay could represent a key factor in increasing early and late embryo mortality.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- Coturnix embryologie genetika fyziologie MeSH
- embryo nesavčí embryologie fyziologie MeSH
- oviparie MeSH
- ovum fyziologie MeSH
- selekce (genetika) * MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: While commercial poultry and captive birds are exposed to antimicrobials through direct medication, environmental pollution may result in contamination of wild birds. Fluoroquinolones are commonly used medications to treat severe avian bacterial infections; however, their adverse effects on birds remain understudied. Here, we examine toxicity of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin during the egg incubation period using the chicken (Gallus Gallus domesticus) as a model avian species. Laboratory tests were based on eggs injected with 1, 10 and 100 μg of fluoroquinolones per 1 g of egg weight prior to the start of incubation and monitoring of chick blood biochemistry, reproductive parameters and heart rate during incubation. RESULTS: Eggs treated with fluoroquinolones displayed reduced hatchability due to embryonic mortality, particularly on day 13 of incubation. Total hatching success showed a similar pattern, with a significantly reduced hatchability in low and high exposure groups treated with both enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin. From 15 to 67% of chicks hatching in these groups exhibited joint deformities. Hatching one-day pre-term occurred with a prevalence of 31 to 70% in all groups treated with fluoroquinolones. Embryonic heart rate, measured on days 13 and 19 of incubation, increased in all enrofloxacin-treated groups and medium and high dose groups of marbofloxacin-treated eggs. Blood biochemistry of chicks sampled at hatch from medium dose groups showed hypoproteinaemia, decreased uric acid and increased triglycerides. Chicks from the enrofloxacin-treated group displayed mild hyperglycaemia and a two-fold rise in the blood urea nitrogen to uric acid ratio. Principal components analysis based on blood biochemistry clearly separated the control bird cluster from both enrofloxacin- and marbofloxacin-treated birds. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroquinolones induce complex adverse effects on avian embryonic development, considerably reducing the performance of incubated eggs and hatching chicks. Cardiotoxicity, which quickens embryonic heart rate, meant that the total number of heart beats required for embryogenesis was achieved earlier than in the standard incubation period, resulting in pre-term hatching. Our data suggest that enrofloxacin has a higher potential for adverse effects than marbofloxacin. To conclude, care should be taken to prevent exposure of reproducing birds and their eggs to fluoroquinolones.
- MeSH
- antiinfekční látky toxicita MeSH
- enrofloxacin toxicita MeSH
- fluorochinolony toxicita MeSH
- hypoproteinemie chemicky indukované veterinární MeSH
- kur domácí * krev MeSH
- kuřecí embryo účinky léků MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže chemicky indukované MeSH
- rozmnožování účinky léků MeSH
- srdeční frekvence účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kuřecí embryo účinky léků MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Oostatic peptides are organic molecules, which influence an insect reproduction due to a regulation of the eggs development. It was proved that decapeptide-H-Tyr-Asp-Pro-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-OH (YDPAPPPPPP)-isolated from mosquito Aedes aegypti, inhibits trypsin activity in the midgut of the mosquito. Therefore, it was named trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (Aea-TMOF). Feeding the recombinant cells with cloned and expressed TMOF on the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to mosquito larvae, caused larval mortality. The TMOF was therefore designed for usage as a new biorational insecticide against mosquito. Similarly, a hexapeptide-H-Asn-Pro-Thr-Asn-Leu-His-OH (NPTNLH)-was isolated from the grey flesh fly Neobellieria bullata. This peptide and some of its analogs inhibited trypsin-like synthesis by the midgut in female flies and was therefore entitled Neb-TMOF. Interestingly, the synthetic Aea-TMOF and mainly its C-terminus shorten analogs, including those containing D-amino acids or methylene-oxy isosteric bond, quickly and strongly inhibited the hatchability and egg development in the flesh fly N. bullata.
- MeSH
- Aedes embryologie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Diptera chemie embryologie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- oligopeptidy chemie genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis beetle-specific toxin Cry3Aa, which renders a genetically modified potato cultivar resistant to the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, exerts a deleterious effect on the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis. The caterpillars of S. littoralis feed less and produce smaller pupae on the genetically modified cultivar (NewLeaf Superior) than on the parental nontransgenic cultivar (Superior). The conversion efficiencies of total dry matter, combustion heat, carbon, and nitrogen from leaves to insect biomass are similar on both cultivars. In spite of similar food utilization and a relatively small difference in the body mass at pupation, female adults that developed from caterpillars fed on NewLeaf Superior lay a mean of 309 eggs compared to a mean of 713 eggs deposited by females that developed from caterpillars fed on Superior. Because of this difference and a simultaneous reduction in fertility (egg hatchability) from 78 to 48%, a pair of adults that fed as larvae on NewLeaf Superior produces only 148 larvae, whereas a pair of adults that fed as larvae on Superior produces 556 larvae. We suggest that small amounts of Cry3Aa that accumulate in insect tissue and persist until the adult stage are responsible for the decline in reproduction.
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny farmakologie genetika MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny farmakologie genetika MeSH
- endotoxiny farmakologie genetika MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hemolyziny MeSH
- larva růst a vývoj MeSH
- rekombinantní proteiny farmakologie MeSH
- Solanum tuberosum genetika MeSH
- Spodoptera fyziologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
The reproductive success of precocial birds depends on investments in clutch formation and incubation. Egg quality strongly affects the phenotypic traits correlated with survival of the hatchling, but parental ability to maintain incubation temperature can also influence hatchling outcomes. The effect of incubation temperature on hatchling phenotype has been widely studied in reptiles but not in birds. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of egg mass and incubation temperature on the incubation period, hatchability, and hatchling phenotype of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Mallard eggs were incubated under six constant incubation temperatures (ranging from 35.0° to 39.0°C). Hatchlings were weighed, and their structural size was measured. Some hatchlings were used for an examination of residual yolk sac mass and basic chemical composition of the yolk-free body. All investigated phenotypic traits except for chemical composition were positively correlated with egg mass. Incubation temperature did not affect hatchling body mass, but increased temperatures led to a decreased yolk-free body mass and structural size of hatchlings and to increased yolk sac mass. Our results suggest that there is a trade-off between the yolk-free body size and energetic reserves in the form of the yolk sac and that this trade-off is modulated by incubation temperature.
- MeSH
- embryo nesavčí embryologie MeSH
- embryonální vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- kachny embryologie MeSH
- novorozená zvířata MeSH
- ovum chemie MeSH
- teplota * MeSH
- velikost těla MeSH
- žloutkový vak chemie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) have sex chromosome systems with female heterogamety (WZ/ZZ or derived variants). The maternally inherited W chromosome is known to determine female sex in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. However, little is known about the role of W chromosome in other lepidopteran species. Here we describe two forms of the W chromosome, W and neo-W, that are transmitted to both sexes in offspring of hybrids from reciprocal crosses between subspecies of wild silkmoths, Samia cynthia. We performed crosses between S. c. pryeri (2n=28, WZ/ZZ) and S. c. walkeri (2n=26, neo-Wneo-Z/neo-Zneo-Z) and examined fitness and sex chromosome constitution in their hybrids. The F1 hybrids of both reciprocal crosses had reduced fertility. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed not only the expected sex chromosome constitutions in the backcross and F2 hybrids of both sexes but also females without the W (or neo-W) chromosome and males carrying the W (or neo-W) chromosome. Furthermore, crosses between the F2 hybrids revealed no association between the presence or absence of W (or neo-W) chromosome and variations in the hatchability of their eggs. Our results clearly suggest that the W (or neo-W) chromosome of S. cynthia ssp. plays no role in sex determination and reproduction, and thus does not contribute to the formation of reproductive barriers between different subspecies.
- MeSH
- genetické markery MeSH
- hybridizace genetická * MeSH
- hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
- křížení genetické MeSH
- můry genetika MeSH
- pohlavní chromozomy * MeSH
- procesy určující pohlaví * MeSH
- rozmnožování genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The zoonotic marine nematodes of the genus Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 are the causative agents of anisakiasis, a parasitosis that has been increasingly reported in Europe over the past decade due to the more frequent consumption of lightly processed or raw seafood. While the life cycle in the marine environment is relatively well-known, an in vitro life cycle has recently been established with the goal to serve as a model for a better understanding of the functional biology of the nematode and consequent devising of strategies for its detection and inactivation. However, the reproductive capacity of the nematode has not been investigated so far, although it is an important parameter for epidemiological modelling or risk assessment studies. To measure the fecundity of Anisakis pegreffii Campana-Rouget et Biocca, 1955, type I larvae were obtained from naturally infected blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou (Risso) from the Adriatic Sea (Croatia) and cultured to the adult stage in Schneider's insect Drosophila medium supplemented with 10% chicken serum (n = 30 in triplicate). Larvae reached stage 4 (L4) by day 4 post-incubation (dpi), followed by molting to the stage 5 (L5) after 15 days and transition to the adult stage, characterised by production and expulsion of eggs on day 17 dpi. The fecundity of the adults was quantified by the daily number of eggs expelled per female, as well as their hatchability. Eggs were detected from 17 to 133 dpi but started hatching only from 44 dpi. Over the next 51 days, the eggs typically hatched into L2 larvae within 5-7 days. Average fecundity peaked at 100 dpi with 44,125 eggs/day/female and a sex ratio of 1 : 2 to 1 : 3. Cumulative mortality of cultured animals reached 60, 50 and 53% for the triplicates at 133 dpi, whereupon the experiment was terminated as only unfertilised eggs were produced.
- MeSH
- anisakióza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- Anisakis * fyziologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- fertilita MeSH
- larva fyziologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Efficacies of the Ammi visnaga seeds extract and a majority of substances on larval Culex quinquefasciatus mortality in various development stages including pupae were studied. The effect of exposure time on larval mortality was also studied. The effect of sublethal concentrations or short exposure times on further larval development and subsequent fecundity in adults were studied as well. Lethal doses of the extract were estimated for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar of C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 for 18, 23 and 180 mg L(-1), respectively). The majority of furanochromenes, khellin and visnagin, were identified by analysing the extract. Khellin was significantly more effective compared to visnagin, whose LC50 was estimated at 8, 10 and 41 mg L(-1) for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae. Khellin showed very fast efficacy on mortality for the 3rd instar larvae in a concentration of 100 mg L(-1). Fifty percent mortality was determined 30 min after application, a time which was considerably shorter compared to the extract (113 min) or visnagin (169 min). The effect of the application of lethal concentrations on C. quinquefasciatus larval mortality was studied. The least number of adults were hatched after application of the extract and khellin (41.8% and 37.9%, respectively), less than after visnagin application (46.7%) or in the control (94.2%). LC50 application caused lower fecundity in the hatched adults, lower hatchability of the eggs, and also very low natality, more than 77% lower for khellin compared to the control. A short exposure, corresponding to our estimated LT30, caused no significant acute toxicity in the larvae (until 24 h) for the extract or visnagin (4.3% and 11.5%, respectively); however, 18 min of action from khellin caused a 54.3% mortality rate of the larvae within 24 h.
- MeSH
- Ammi chemie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- Culex * účinky léků MeSH
- insekticidy * chemie izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- khelin chemie izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- larva účinky léků MeSH
- LD50 MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty * chemie izolace a purifikace farmakologie MeSH
- semena rostlinná chemie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
