Genetically engineered (GE) crops with stacked insecticidal traits expose arthropods to multiple Cry proteins fromBacillus thuringiensis(Bt). One concern is that the different Cry proteins may interact and lead to unexpected adverse effects on non-target species. Bi- and tri-trophic experiments with SmartStax maize, herbivorous spider mites (Tetranychus urticae), aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi), predatory spiders (Phylloneta impressa), ladybeetles (Harmonia axyridis) and lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea) were conducted. Cry1A.105, Cry1F, Cry3Bb1 and Cry34Ab1 moved in a similar pattern through the arthropod food chain. By contrast, Cry2Ab2 had highest concentrations in maize leaves, but lowest in pollen, and lowest acquisition rates by herbivores and predators. While spider mites contained Cry protein concentrations exceeding the values in leaves (except Cry2Ab2), aphids contained only traces of some Cry protein. Predators contained lower concentrations than their food. Among the different predators, ladybeetle larvae showed higher concentrations than lacewing larvae and juvenile spiders. Acute effects of SmartStax maize on predator survival, development and weight were not observed. The study thus provides evidence that the different Cry proteins do not interact in a way that poses a risk to the investigated non-target species under controlled laboratory conditions.

• MeSH
• Bacillus thuringiensis MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• členovci * MeSH
• endotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny genetika   MeSH
• hemolyziny genetika   MeSH
• kukuřice setá genetika   MeSH
• larva MeSH
• potravní řetězec * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Staphylinid beetles are recommended bioindicators for the pre-market environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) insect protected maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Our multiannual study is a unique European analysis of a staphylinid community within a 14 ha maize field. GM maize, its near-isogenic hybrid (with or without insecticide treatment), and two other reference hybrids were each grown in five 0.5 ha plots. The opportunity for exposure to Cry toxin from plant residues ploughed into the soil was shown by the presence of saprophagous dipteran larvae that are common prey of predatory staphylinid species and hosts of the parasitoid species. 2587 individuals belonging to 77 staphylinid species were sampled using pitfall traps. Lesteva longoelytrata (31%), Oxypoda acuminata (12%), Aloconota sulcifrons (8%) and Anotylus rugosus (7%) were the most abundant beetles in the field. Bionomics, food specialization, temperature requirements and size group were assigned for 25 most common species. These traits determine the occurrence of staphylinid beetles in the field, the food sources they could utilize and thus also their likely contact with the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Statistical analysis of activity abundance, Rao indices and multivariate analysis of distribution of particular categories of functional traits in the field showed negligible effects of the experimental treatments, including the GM maize, upon the staphylinid community. Staphylinid beetles represent a considerably diverse part of epigeic field fauna with wide food specialization; these features render them suitable for the assessment of environmental safety of GM insect protected maize. However, the availability of prey and the presence of particular staphylinid species and their abundance are highly variable; this complicates the interpretation of the results.

• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• brouci fyziologie   MeSH
• Diptera účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• endotoxiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hemolyziny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• insekticidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kukuřice setá genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující půdu analýza   toxicita   MeSH
• potravní řetězec MeSH
• predátorské chování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Hlavními pilíři v léčbě těžké sepse a septického šoku jsou promptní a adekvátní hemodynamická resuscitace, cílená antibiotická léčba, odstranění nebo drenáž zdroje infekce a podpora orgánových funkcí. Navzdory adekvátní léčbě a technologicky vyspělým možnostem orgánové podpory však mortalita sepse zůstává nepřiměřeně vysoká. Vývoj podpůrných tzv. „anti-sepsis“ léčebných opatření byl však dosud s více než 30 negativními klinickými studiemi neúspěšný. Recentní pokroky v pochopení patofyziologie sepse nicméně formulovaly patogenetická paradigmata umožňující vývoj nových léčebných konceptů. Tento článek stručně diskutuje perspektivní léčebné směry na principu nových poznatků patogeneze sepse a septického šoku.

The cornerstones of therapy for sepsis and septic shock remain the prompt and adequate hemodynamic resuscitation, administration of antibiotics that target the pathogen, removal or drainage of an infected source and organ support. Despite adequate treatment and advanced life-support, the mortality remains high. However, the development of adjunctive anti-sepsis therapies has been challenging, with more than 30 unsuccessful drug trials. Fortunately, recent advances in our understanding of the sepsis pathophysiology revealed new pathogenic paradigms, and, thus, provided new exciting therapeutic concepts. In this review, we briefly discuss emerging pathogenesis-based strategies for treating severe sepsis and septic shock.

• Klíčová slova
• mimotělní očišťovací metody,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• cytokiny sekrece   MeSH
• endotoxiny genetika   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hemodiafiltrace MeSH
• hemofiltrace MeSH
• hemoperfuze MeSH
• imunologická tolerance MeSH
• imunosupresivní léčba * MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
• komplement MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu MeSH
• multiorgánové selhání * imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• receptory rozpoznávající vzory antagonisté a inhibitory   fyziologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• sepse * etiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Four local Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates that had been serologically identified as Bt var. kurstaki (Btk2, Btk3, and Btk66) and Bt var. mexicanensis (Btm27), in addition to two reference strains (4D20 and 4AC1), were laboratory assayed as microbial control agents against the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification analysis revealed that each of the six experimental strains carries, at least, a cry1 type gene which expresses a protein toxin active against lepidopterous insects. Additionally, PCR amplification results demonstrated that 4D20 and Btk66 contain the Lepidoptera- and Diptera-active cry2 type gene and that Btk66 contains Coleoptera-active cry7 and cry8 genes. Among the six strains, Btk66 and Btm27 were the most promising microbial control agents against S. littoralis. The present findings were the first to report that Btm27 (classified as B. thuringiensis var. mexicanensis) is a very potent microbial control agent against S. littoralis-tested larvae. For more characterization of these two isolates, the sspO gene was investigated as a molecular chronometer. The DNA sequencing results proved that Btk66 and Btm27 carry sspO open reading frames with identical nucleotide sequences, suggesting a strong phylogenetic relationship between the two strains.

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• Bacillus thuringiensis klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny biosyntéza   genetika   toxicita   MeSH
• biotest MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• endotoxiny biosyntéza   genetika   toxicita   MeSH
• Gossypium parazitologie   MeSH
• hemolyziny biosyntéza   genetika   toxicita   MeSH
• larva účinky léků   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Spodoptera mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Egypt MeSH

Modified versions of the Cry3A gene of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were transferred into Norway spruce (Picea abies). Both the biolistic approach and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated procedure were employed for transformation of embryogenic tissue (ET) cultures. The latter method proved to be more efficient yielding 70 transgenic embryogenic tissue lines compared with 18 lines obtained by biolistics. The modified Cry3A genes were driven by a 35S promoter and the nptII screenable selection marker gene was used in all vectors. The transgenic ETs were molecularly characterized and converted into mature somatic embryos. Germinating embryos formed plantlets which were finally planted into perlite and their Cry3A gene transcription activities were demonstrated by RT-PCR.

• MeSH
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetika   MeSH
• Bacillus thuringiensis genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• endotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• genetické vektory MeSH
• geneticky modifikované rostliny * MeSH
• hemolyziny genetika   MeSH
• jedle embryologie   genetika   MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• semena rostlinná genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• somatická embryogeneze rostlin MeSH
• transformace genetická MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), produced by endotoxin-activated Kupffer cells, play a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC). Alleles TNFA -238A, IL1B -31T and variant IL1RN*2 of repeat polymorphism in the gene encoding the IL-1 receptor antagonist increase production of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, respectively. Alleles CD14 -159T, TLR4 c.896G and TLR4 c.1196T modify activation of Kupffer cells by endotoxin. We confirmed the published associations between these common variants and genetic predisposition to ALC by means of a large case-control association study conducted on two Central European populations.

• MeSH
• alkoholická cirhóza jater genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• endotoxiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• genetická variace genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis beetle-specific toxin Cry3Aa, which renders a genetically modified potato cultivar resistant to the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, exerts a deleterious effect on the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis. The caterpillars of S. littoralis feed less and produce smaller pupae on the genetically modified cultivar (NewLeaf Superior) than on the parental nontransgenic cultivar (Superior). The conversion efficiencies of total dry matter, combustion heat, carbon, and nitrogen from leaves to insect biomass are similar on both cultivars. In spite of similar food utilization and a relatively small difference in the body mass at pupation, female adults that developed from caterpillars fed on NewLeaf Superior lay a mean of 309 eggs compared to a mean of 713 eggs deposited by females that developed from caterpillars fed on Superior. Because of this difference and a simultaneous reduction in fertility (egg hatchability) from 78 to 48%, a pair of adults that fed as larvae on NewLeaf Superior produces only 148 larvae, whereas a pair of adults that fed as larvae on Superior produces 556 larvae. We suggest that small amounts of Cry3Aa that accumulate in insect tissue and persist until the adult stage are responsible for the decline in reproduction.

• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny farmakologie   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny farmakologie   genetika   MeSH
• endotoxiny farmakologie   genetika   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hemolyziny MeSH
• larva růst a vývoj   MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny farmakologie   MeSH
• Solanum tuberosum genetika   MeSH
• Spodoptera fyziologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

• MeSH
• dialýza ledvin MeSH
• endotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
• metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
• protein C MeSH
• sepse terapie   chirurgie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• anesteziologie a intenzivní lékařství