Mouse limbs
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- MeSH
- končetiny růst a vývoj MeSH
- kultivační média MeSH
- kyselina askorbová MeSH
- myši MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
BACKGROUND: The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the available animal models of ischemic limbs, and to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model and individual method of limb ischemia creation. METHODS: A review of literature was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science pages. Various types of experimental animals and surgical approaches used in creating ischemic limbs were evaluated. Other outcomes of interest were the specific characteristics of the individual experimental animals, and duration of tissue ischemia. RESULTS: The most commonly used experimental animals were mice, followed by rabbits, rats, pigs, miniature pigs, and sheep. Single or double arterial ligation and excision of the entire femoral artery was the most often used method of ischemic limb creation. Other methods comprised single or double arterial electrocoagulation, use of ameroid constrictors, photochemically induced thrombosis, and different types of endovascular methods. The shortest duration of tissue ischemia was 7 days, the longest 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that mice are among the most commonly used animals in limb ischemia research. Simple ligation and excision of the femoral artery is the most common method of creating an ischemic limb; nevertheless, it can result in acute rather than chronic ischemia. A two-stage sequential approach and methods using ameroid constrictors or endovascular blinded stent grafts are more suitable for creating a gradual arterial occlusion typically seen in humans. Selecting the right mouse strain or animal with artificially produced diabetes or hyperlipidaemia is crucial in chronic ischemic limb research. Moreover, the observation period following the onset of ischemia should last at least 14 days, preferably 4 weeks.
- MeSH
- arteria femoralis * chirurgie MeSH
- ischemie * MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ovce MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- stenty MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
Práce se zabývá popisem postavení předloktí při manipulaci s různými typy počítačových myší během práce u počítače. Cílem studie bylo porovnat aktivitu vybraných svalů horní končetiny pomocí povrchové elektromyografie při práci u počítače vsedě s klasickou a vertikální počítačovou myší. Do výzkumu bylo zahrnuto 8 probandů (věk 43,1 ± 7,8 let, práce u počítače 8,6 ± 1,4 hodin denně), kteří neměli dřívější zkušenost s vertikální počítačovou myší. Pro hodnocení svalové aktivity vybraných svalů horní končetiny byl využit přístroj pro povrchovou elektromyografii TeleMyo 2400T G2 s programem MyoResearch verze 3 (NORAXON, USA Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona). Měřeny byly tyto svaly (musculi): extenzor carpi radialis longus, flexor carpi radialis, triceps brachii – caput laterale a caput longum, biceps brachii – společné svalové bříško, deltoideus – pars anterior, pars acromialis a pars posterior, trapezius – pars superior, pars medialis, pars inferior. U všech probandů proběhla dvě měření se stejnými dopředu stanovenými úkony. První měření probíhalo za užití klasické myši. Poté byla probandům předána vertikální počítačová myš HE-Mouse (R-Go Tools B.V., Nizozemí) s instruktáži, jak s ní manipulovat. Po devíti měsících užívání vertikální počítačové myši následovalo druhé měření. Použitím vertikální počítačové myši došlo k významnému snížení aktivity m. trapezius pars inferior a m. flexor carpi radialis v porovnání s klasickou počítačovou myší. Semipronační postavení předloktí podpořilo centraci ramenního kloubu a relaxaci ruky v porovnání s pronačním nastavením předloktí u klasické počítačové myši. Vertikální počítačová myš se u sledované skupiny probandů jeví jako vhodná volba pro eliminaci muskuloskeletálních potíží v oblasti pletence HK, předloktí a zápěstí.
The work deals with the description of the position of the forearm when handling different types of computer mice while working at the computer. The aim of the study was to compare the activity of selected muscles of the upper limb using surface electromyography during working at a computer while sitting with a classic and vertical computer mouse. 8 probands (age 43.1 ± 7.8 years, working at a computer 8.6 ± 1.4 hours per day) who had no previous experience with a vertical computer mouse were included in the research. A TeleMyo2400TG2 surface electromyography device with the MyoResearch version 3 program (NORAXON, USA Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona) was used to evaluate the muscle activity of selected muscles of the upper limb. The following muscles were measured (musculi): extensor carpi radialis longus, flexor carpi radialis, triceps brachii – caput laterale and caput longum, biceps brachii – common muscle belly, deltoideus – pars anterior, pars acromialis and pars posterior, trapezius – pars superior, pars medialis, pars inferior. All probands underwent two measurements with the same predetermined actions. The first measurement took place using a classic mouse. Afterwards, the probands were given HE-Mouse vertical computer mouse (R-Go Tools B.V., The Netherlands) with instructions on how to handle it. After nine months of using the vertical computer mouse, a second measurement followed. By using the vertical computer mouse there was a significant reduction of the trapezius pars inferior muscle and the flexor carpi radialis muscle compared to a classic computer mouse. The semi-pronated position of the forearm supported the centering of the shoulder joint and the relaxation of the hand compared to the pronated position of the forearm in a classic computer mouse. The vertical computer mouse appears to be a suitable choice for the elimination of musculoskeletal problems in the upper limb girdle area forearm and wrist for the group of probands under investigation.
The Myb locus encodes the c-Myb transcription factor involved in controlling a broad variety of cellular processes. Recently, it has been shown that c-Myb may play a specific role in hard tissue formation; however, all of these results were gathered from an analysis of intramembranous ossification. To investigate a possible role of c-Myb in endochondral ossification, we carried out our study on the long bones of mouse limbs during embryonic development. Firstly, the c-myb expression pattern was analyzed by in situ hybridization during endochondral ossification of long bones. c-myb positive areas were found in proliferating as well as hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. At early embryonic stages, localized expression was also observed in the perichondrium and interdigital areas. The c-Myb protein was found in proliferating chondrocytes and in the perichondrium of the forelimb bones (E14.5-E17.5). Furthermore, protein was detected in pre-hypertrophic as well as hypertrophic chondrocytes. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were used to test the effect of altered c-myb expression on chondrogenesis in micromass cultures established from forelimb buds of mouse embryos. A loss-of-function approach using c-myb specific siRNA decreased nodule formation, as well as downregulated the level of Sox9 expression, a major marker of chondrogenesis. Transient c-myb overexpression markedly increased the formation of cartilage nodules and the production of extracellular matrix as detected by intense staining with Alcian blue. Moreover, the expression of early chondrogenic genes such as Sox9, Col2a1 and activity of a Col2-LUC reporter were increased in the cells overexpressing c-myb while late chondrogenic markers such as Col10a1 and Mmp13 were not significantly changed or were downregulated. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the c-Myb transcription factor is involved in the regulation and promotion of endochondral bone formation.
- MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace MeSH
- chondrogeneze fyziologie MeSH
- hybridizace in situ MeSH
- končetiny embryologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-myb genetika fyziologie MeSH
- umlčování genů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- abnormality vyvolané léky MeSH
- cyklofosfamid antagonisté a inhibitory škodlivé účinky MeSH
- končetiny MeSH
- myši MeSH
- pyridoxin farmakologie MeSH
- rozštěp patra embryologie chemicky indukované MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- thiamin farmakologie MeSH
- vitamin E farmakologie MeSH
- vrozené deformity končetin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Rat hypodactyly (hd) mutation is characterized by abnormal spermatogenesis and sperm decapitation, limb malformation (missing digits II and III) and growth retardation. We have previously reported centrobin (centrosome BRCA2-interacting protein) truncation at the C-terminus in the hd mutant. Here, we report data from a transgenic rescue experiment carried out to determine a role of centrobin in pathogenesis of hd. The transgenic construct, consisting of full-length-coding cDNA linked to a ubiquitous strong promoter/enhancer combination, was inserted to chromosome 16 into a LINE repeat. No known gene is present in the vicinity of the insertion site. Transgenic centrobin was expressed in all tissues tested, including testis. Transgenic animals show normal body weight and limb morphology as well as average weight of testis and epididymis. Yet, abnormal spermatogenesis and sperm decapitation persisted in the transgenic animals. Western blotting showed the coexistence of full-length and truncated or partially degraded centrobin in sperm of the rescued transgenic animals. Immunocytochemistry showed a buildup of centrobin and ODF2 (outer dense fiber 2) at the sperm decapitation site in the hd mutant and rescued transgenic rats. Additional findings included bulge-like formations and thread-like focal dissociations along the sperm flagellum and the organization of multiple whorls of truncated sperm flagella in the epididymal lumen. We conclude that centrobin is essential for normal patterning of the limb autopod. Centrobin may be required for stabilizing the attachment of the sperm head to flagellum and for maintaining the structural integrity of the sperm flagellum. We postulate that the presence of truncated centrobin, coexisting with full-length centrobin, together with incorrect timing of transgenic centrobin expression may hamper the rescue of fertility in hd male rats.
- MeSH
- epididymis patologie MeSH
- exprese genu MeSH
- fertilita genetika MeSH
- homeodoménové proteiny genetika MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- potkani transgenní MeSH
- proteiny buněčného cyklu genetika metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny teplotního šoku metabolismus MeSH
- spermie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- testis patologie MeSH
- transport proteinů MeSH
- velikost orgánu genetika MeSH
- vrozené deformity končetin genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Statins are widely used drugs for cholesterol lowering, which were recently found to counteract the effects of aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3) signaling in cell and animal models of FGFR3-related chondrodysplasia. This opened an intriguing therapeutic possibility for human dwarfing conditions caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGFR3, although the mechanism of statin action on FGFR3 remains unclear. Here, we determine the effect of statins on FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. DESIGN: Cultured chondrocyte cell lines, mouse embryonic tibia cultures and limb bud micromasses were treated with FGF2 to activate FGFR signaling. The effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin and pravastatin on FGFR3 protein stability and on FGFR-mediated chondrocyte growth-arrest, loss of extracellular matrix (ECM), induction of premature senescence and hypertrophic differentiation were evaluated. RESULTS: Statins did not alter the level of FGFR3 protein expression nor produce any effect on FGFR-mediated inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation in cultured chondrocyte cell lines, mouse tibia cultures or limb bud micromasses. CONCLUSION: We conclude that statins do not inhibit the FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. Therefore the statin-mediated rescue of FGFR3-related chondrodysplasia, described before, is likely not intrinsic to the growth plate cartilage.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace účinky léků MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- chondrocyty účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- chondrogeneze účinky léků MeSH
- končetinové pupeny účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- receptor fibroblastových růstových faktorů, typ 3 antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- statiny farmakologie MeSH
- techniky tkáňových kultur MeSH
- tibie účinky léků embryologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
