Nanoparticle and microparticle
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Cytokinins (CKs) are pivotal plant hormones that have crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, their isolation and quantification are usually challenging because of their extremely low levels in plant tissues (pmol g-1 fresh weight). We have developed a simple microscale magnetic immunoaffinity-based method for selective one-step isolation of CKs from very small amounts of plant tissue (less than 0.1 mg fresh weight). The capacity of the immunosorbent and the effect of the complex plant matrix on the yield of the rapid one-step purification were tested using a wide range of CK concentrations. The total recovery range of the new microscale isolation procedure was found to be 30-80% depending on individual CKs. Immunoaffinity extraction using group-specific monoclonal CK antibodies immobilized onto magnetic microparticles was combined with a highly sensitive ultrafast mass spectrometry-based method with a detection limit close to one attomole. This combined approach allowed metabolic profiling of a wide range of naturally occurring CKs (bases, ribosides and N9 -glucosides) in 1.0-mm sections of the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristematic zone. The magnetic immunoaffinity separation method was shown to be a simple and extremely fast procedure requiring minimal amounts of plant tissue.
Formulace mikročástic složených ze směsi nosičů představuje inovativní přístup pro podání léčiv do plic ve formě suchého prášku. Použité nosiče mohou významně ovlivnit výsledné vlastnosti mikročástic, jako je velikost, tvar, povrch, hygroskopicita či agregace, a tím zlepšit aerosolizaci léčiv po jejich inhalaci. Zmíněné vlastnosti jsou klíčové pro efektivní pulmonální terapii. Kombinací nosičů povahy sacharidů a gelujících látek je výhodné pro řízené uvolňování léčiva. Cílem experimentální práce bylo sprejovým sušením připravit a následně zhodnotit několik šarží mikročástic složených z nosičů na bázi cukrů (manitol, maltodextrin, dextran) a gelujících sacharidů (chitosan, chondroitin-sulfát) a vybrat vhodnou kombinaci pro navazující experimentální práce zaměřené na inkorporaci léčiva do mikročásticové matrice. Nejvhodnější parametry vykazovaly šarže, jejichž aerodynamický průměr se blížil 5 μm, a to částice připravené z kombinace manitolu a dextranu, chitosanu a chondroitinu nebo maltodextrinu a chondoitinu. U těchto šarží byla také naměřena nejvyšší hodnota frakce jemných částic (> 43 %). Z pohledu zpracovatelnosti je vhodná šarže se zastoupením maltodextrinu a chondroitinu vzhledem k nižší viskozitě vstupní disperze a pravidelnějšímu tvaru finálních mikročástic.
The formulation of microparticles composed of a mixture of carriers represents an innovative approach for lung drug delivery of dry powder. The carriers used can significantly influence the properties of the microparticles, such as size, shape, surface area, hygroscopicity, or aggregation, thus improving the aerosolization of the drugs after inhalation. The properties mentioned above are crucial for effective pulmonary therapy. The combination of carriers of a carbohydrate nature and gelling agents is advantageous for controlled drug release. The experimental work aimed to prepare by spray drying and subsequently evaluate ten batches of microparticles composed of sugar-based carriers (mannitol, maltodextrin, dextran) and gelling polymers (chitosan, chondroitin sulfate) and to select a suitable combination for follow-up experimental work aimed at drug incorporation into the microparticle matrix. The most suitable parameters were exhibited by batches whose aerodynamic diameter was close to 5 μm, particles prepared from a combination of mannitol and dextran, chitosan and chondroitin, or maltodextrin and chondroitin. These batches also showed the highest fine particle fraction value (> 43%). From a processability point of view, the batch with maltodextrin and chondroitin is preferable due to the lower viscosity of the dispersion and the more regular shape of the final microparticles.
- MeSH
- aplikace inhalační MeSH
- farmaceutický výzkum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroplasty MeSH
- nosiče léků * MeSH
- sprejové sušení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
To make magnetic harvesting a more viable option, a suspension of inexpensive iron oxide magnetic microparticles (IOMMs) prepared by microwave treatment is presented as a new agent for separating Chlorella vulgaris from a highly diluted suspension. Separation efficiencies were tested under various conditions (model environment, cultivation media, different pH), revealing not only a dependency on the pH and amount of IOMMs, but also the influence of the ions present in the culture medium. Phosphorus ions were identified as the medium component interfering with algae-IOMMs interactions that are essential for magnetic cell separations in the culture medium. Phosphorus limited C. vulgaris cells were magnetically separated from the medium at separation efficiencies of over 95% at a 3:1 mass ratio of IOMMs to microalgae. A rapid and complete demagnetization of harvested algae was achieved by acidic treatment (10vol.% H(2)SO(4)) at 40°C under the influence of ultrasound.
PURPOSE OF STUDY Aseptic loosening of total joint replacement (TJR) due to wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is regarded as one of the major problems in the field of arthroplasty. This work describes a newly developed method, cal- led MORF, which completely describes the morphology of UHMWPE wear particles. The differences in wear particle mor - phology may help to elucidate individual differences in TJR failures. MATERIAL AND METHODS During the years 2002-2010, a set of 47 typical damaged periprosthetic tissues, coming from 16 TJR revisions, was col- lected. Isolated on polycarbonate (PC) filters were quantified. Quantification of the particles consisted in determination of their concentration and description of their morphology by means of the newly developed MORF method. Firstly, the mic- rographs of isolated UHMWPE particles were obtained with a scanning electron microscope (Quanta 200 FEG; FEI) at two magnifications: x1200 and x6000. Secondly, both high- and low-magnification micrographs were processed by a standard image analysis software (program NIS Elements; Laboratory Imaging) in order to obtain basic morphological descriptors. Finally, the results from image analysis of high- and low- magnification micrographs were combined by means of our own program MDISTR in order to obtain correct particle sizes and shapes. RESULTS In the first stage, the method was applied to 25 samples and yielded an average particle size of 0.51 µm. In the second stage, the method was further improved in order to calculate not only the size of particles but also the shape of descrip- tors. The improved method was applied to eight samples and gave an average size of particles (equivalent diameter, D) in the range of 0.27 - 0.60 µm, circularity (C) of 0.66-0.85 and elongation (E) of 1.75-1.79, suggesting that the great majori- ty of particles were approximately spherical. Finally, in the third stage, the MORF method was applied to two exceptional samples which contained extremely small wear particles (D = 18.5 nm and 21.2 nm). The shape of these small wear nano- particles (C = 0.97 and 0.93; E = 1.29 and 1.35) was even more spherical than that of wear microparticles described abo- ve. This was one of the first two studies which proved the presence of UHMWPE wear nanoparticles in vivo. DISCUSSION Our newly developed MORF method described in this contribution yields both size and shape descriptors of UHMWPE wear particles, with sizes from 0.1 to 10 µm, which are regarded as most biologically active. The main objective of the met- hod is to yield the highest accuracy. This is achieved by parallel analyses of high- and low-magnification micrographs taken of the same sample. In the end, the two analyses are combined together in order to obtain the correct and complete size and shape description of all particles in the sample. The morphology of UHMWPE wear particles influences TJR lifetime both directly (size and shape of the particles is related to their biological activity) and indirectly (for the given total volu- metric wear, size and shape of the particles influence their concentration, which is associated with the biological respon- se of the organism). CONCLUSION The authors have developed a new method which yields a complete description of the size and shape of UHMWPE wear particles in periprosthetic tissues. The method, which was called MORF, can be applied to studies of TJR failures and also used to evaluate the quality of different UHMWPE components of TJR. The method is quite universal and therefore can be used not only for analyses of wear particles, but also for other types of particles, such as microparticles in polymer blends or inorganic/metallic nanoparticles. Key words: UHMWPE, wear debris, total joint replacement, morphology of wear particles.
- MeSH
- analýza selhání vybavení MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kyčelní kloub patologie MeSH
- kyčelní protézy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
- náhrada kyčelního kloubu MeSH
- nanočástice MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- polyethyleny MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Mikročástice na bázi biodegradovatelného syntetického kopolymeru kyseliny mléčné a kyseliny glykolové (PLGA) byly úspěšně připraveny metodou odpařování rozpouštědla. Modelovým léčivem pro enkapsulaci byl zvolen ibuprofen. Pro přípravu každého vzorku byly použity odlišné formulační a procesní parametry různě ovlivňující výsledné mikročástice. Během odpařování rozpouštědla byl konkrétně sledován vliv metody emulgování (přímé emulgování či přímé emulgování za využití přístroje ULTRA-TURRAX nebo NE-1000 dávkovače), objemu vodné fáze (200, 800 ml) a rychlosti míchání tohoto emulzního systému (600, 1000 ot/min) na charakteristické vlastnosti mikročástic, jako je enkapsulační účinnost, drug loading a morfologie částic. Vzniklé mikročástice byly hodnoceny pomocí optické mikroskopie, případně laserové difrakce, a byla také provedena disoluční zkouška. Nejpříznivější výsledky byly pozorovány u vzorku připraveného přímým emulgováním s 800 ml vodné fáze o rychlosti míchání 600 ot/min. Vzorek připravený s pre-emulzifikačním krokem na homogenizátoru se zase vyznačoval slibným zmenšením velikosti částic. Postupná emulzifikace byla naopak shledána jako nepoužitelná kvůli velkým ztrátám.
Microparticles based on biodegradable synthetic lactic acid and glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) were successfully prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Ibuprofen was chosen as the model drug. Various formulation and process parameters have been used to prepare each sample with emphasis on size reduction. The effect of the emulsification method (direct emulsification or emulsification using an ULTRA-TURRAX or a NE-1000 dispenser), the volume of the aqueous phase (200, 800 ml) and the stirring speed of the emulsion system (600, 1000 rpm) on the characteristic properties of microparticles, such as encapsulation efficiency, drug loading and particle morphology, was observed. The resulting microparticles were evaluated by optical microscopy or laser diffraction and the dissolution test was performed. It was found that the sample prepared by direct emulsification with 800 ml of an aqueous phase at 600 rpm provided the most favorable results, meanwhile the emulsification pre-step using a homogenizer caused promising particle size reduction. Gradual emulsification was evaluated as inapplicable due to great losses.
- Klíčová slova
- odpaření rozpouštědla, zmenšení velikosti, kyselina glykolová,
- MeSH
- farmaceutická technologie MeSH
- farmaceutický výzkum MeSH
- ibuprofen MeSH
- mikroplasty MeSH
- příprava léků * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Synthesized nanoparticles often require fine fractionation according to shape, dimension, mass, chemical composition, charge, and other properties in order to become suitable for practical use. Quantum dots (QDs) are luminescent nanocrystals with narrow emission peaks. This property has been widely utilized for the multiplexed sensing and barcoding of microparticles. QDs with narrower emission peaks are preferred for such applications. The width of the emission peaks can be significantly reduced after purification. A newly developed preparative isotachophoretic method employs the dependence of spectral properties and electrophoretic mobility on the diameter of QDs. Separated fractions of QDs revealed narrower emission peaks (72% of the original width) and improved quantum yield (two-fold). The usefulness of the developed isotachophoresis for purification and analysis of other nanostructures, for example, plasmonic nanoparticles and nanobioconjugates, is expected, too.
Mikročástice jsou široce používány v nesčetných oblastech průmyslu, jako jsou farmaceutika, potraviny, kosmetika a další. Ve srovnání s tradičními metodami pro syntézu mikročástic poskytují mikrofluidní techniky výkonné platformy pro vytváření vysoce kontrolovatelných kapek emulze jako šablon pro výrobu uniformních mikročástic s pokročilými strukturami a funkcemi. Mikrofluidní techniky mohou generovat kapky emulze s přesně řízenou velikostí, tvarem a složením. Přesnější proces přípravy je účinným nástroj ke kontrole profilu uvolňování léčiva a přináší také snadno dostupnou reprodukovatelnost. Článek poskytuje informace o základních nastaveních droplet-based techniky a příklady typů mikročástic připravitelných touto metodou.
Microparticles are widely used in myriad fields such as pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, and other industrial fields. Compared with traditional methods for synthesizing microparticles, microfluidic techniques provide very powerful platforms for creating highly controllable emulsion droplets as templates for fabricating uniform microparticles with advanced structures and functions. Microfluidic techniques can generate emulsion droplets with precisely controlled size, shape, and composition. A more precise preparation process brings an effective tool to control the release profile of the drug and introduces an easily accessible reproducibility. The paper gives information about basic droplet-based set-ups and examples of attainable microparticle types preparable by this method.
- Klíčová slova
- metoda odpaření rozpouštědla, mikrokanálky,
- MeSH
- mikrofluidika metody MeSH
- nanočástice * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging pollutants of concern with ubiquitous presence in global ecosystems. MNPs pose potential implications for human health; however, the health impacts of MNP exposures are not yet understood. Recent evidence suggests that MNPs can cross the placental barrier, underlying the urgent need to understand their impact on reproductive health and development. OBJECTIVE: The Actionable eUropean ROadmap for early-life health Risk Assessment of micro- and nanoplastics (AURORA) project will investigate MNP exposures and their biological and health effects during pregnancy and early life, which are critical periods due to heightened vulnerability to environmental stressors. The AURORA project will enhance exposure assessment capabilities for measuring MNPs, MNP-associated chemicals, and plastic additives in human tissues, including placenta and blood. METHODS: In this interdisciplinary project, we will advance methods for in-depth characterization and scalable chemical analytical strategies, enabling high-resolution and large-scale toxicological, exposure assessment, and epidemiological studies. The AURORA project performs observational studies to investigate determinants and health impacts of MNPs by including 800 mother-child pairs from 2 existing birth cohorts and 110 women of reproductive age from a newly established cohort. This will be complemented by toxicological studies using a tiered-testing approach and epidemiological investigations to evaluate associations between maternal and prenatal MNP exposures and health perturbations, such as placental function, immune-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, accelerated aging, endocrine disruption, and child growth and development. The ultimate goal of the AURORA project is to create an MNP risk assessment framework and identify the remaining knowledge gaps and priorities needed to comprehensively assess the impact of MNPs on early-life health. RESULTS: In the first 3 years of this 5-year project (2021-2026), progress was made toward all objectives. This includes completion of recruitment and data collection for new and existing cohorts, development of analytical methodological protocols, and initiation of the toxicological tiered assessments. As of September 2024, data analysis is ongoing and results are expected to be published starting in 2025. CONCLUSIONS: As plastic pollution increases globally, it is imperative to understand the impact of MNPs on human health, particularly during vulnerable developmental stages such as early life. The contributions of the AURORA project will inform future risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/63176.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matka - expozice noxám škodlivé účinky MeSH
- mikroplasty * škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- nanočástice škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
V rámci této experimentální studie byly připraveny biodegradovatelné mikročástice (MČ) na bázi kopolymeru kyseliny mléčné a glykolové (PLGA) metodou odpaření rozpouštědla z jednoduché emulze o/v. Mikročástice obsahovaly nerozpustné antidepresivum mirtazapin. Příprava mikročástic zahrnovala formulační proměnné, a to obsah polymeru (700, 900 nebo 1200 mg), dichlormethanu (5 nebo 10 ml), a/nebo léčiva (200 nebo 400 nebo 600 mg) a objem vodné fáze emulze (400, 600 nebo 800 ml). U sledovaných parametrů byl pozorován vliv na velikost mikročástic a jejich morfologii, enkapsulační účinnost a disoluční chování. Všechny mikročástice byly úspěšně připraveny a jejich velikost se pohybovala v intervalu 165,34 ± 42,88 až 360,17 ± 121,59 μm. Mikročástice vykazovaly prodloužené uvolňování léčiva (v rámci dní), přičemž u některých z nich byl pozorován vícefázový charakter. Bylo zjištěno, že při použití vyššího počátečního množstvím PLGA byly připraveny větší MČ s delším lag time, a to až 34,3 hodin. Na druhé straně vyšší množství použitého léčiva vedlo ke zkrácení lag time. Snížení objemu vnější fáze a násobně vyšší množství dichlormethanu zpomalilo uvolňování mirtazapinu a snížilo enkapsulační účinnost. Výsledky byly dále potvrzeny vícerozměrnou analýzou dat.
In this experimental study, the biodegradable polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles (MP) loaded with the insoluble antidepressant mirtazapine were prepared by the simple o/w solvent evaporation method. The formation involved intrinsic variables, such as the content of polymer (700, 900 or 1200 mg), dichloromethane (5 or 10 ml) and/or drug (200 or 400 or 600 mg), and the volume of the aqueous emulsion phase (400, 600 or 800 ml). The influence of these parameters on the size and morphology of microparticles, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release behavior was observed. All MP were successfully prepared, and their size ranged between 165.34 ± 42.88 and 360.17 ± 121.59 μm. MP exhibited prolonged drug release (days), and some profiles had multiphasic character. It was found that the samples prepared with a higher initial amount of PLGA were bigger with prolonged lag time up to 34.3 hours. On the other hand, higher drug concentrations reduced the lag time. The external phase volume reduction and multiplication of dichloromethane amount prolonged the mirtazapine release and decreased the encapsulation efficiency. These observations were further confirmed by multivariate data analysis.
- Klíčová slova
- PLGA, metoda odpaření rozpouštědla,
- MeSH
- léky s prodlouženým účinkem MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mirtazapin * farmakologie MeSH
- nanočástice MeSH
- nanočásticový lékový transportní systém MeSH
- příprava léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Nanočástice jsou částice menší než 100 nm, jejichž studiem se zabývají dva příbuzné spolupracující obory – nanotoxikologie a nanotechnologie. Nanočástice jsou v prostředí všudypřítomné a vzhledem k jejich velmi malým rozměrům mají jiné vlastnosti než částice stejného materiálu velikosti v řádech mikrometrů (chemická a fyzikální reaktivita, interakce s buňkami a živými organismy). Jejich toxické působení in vitro a in vivo zkoumá nanotoxikologie. Nanotechnologie se zabývá vývojem materiálů s novými vlastnostmi a funkcemi, které vycházejí z jejich malé velikosti. Nanomedicína pak využívá poznatků nanotechnologie a farmakologie k vývoji nových léčiv a terapeutických postupů. Autoři v práci shrnují současné poznatky o vlastnostech nanočástic, jejich vlivu na dýchací cesty a možnosti využití nanotechnologií v otorinolaryngologii.
Nanoparticles are particles smaller than 100 nm in diameter. They are a subject of research interest of two related, closely collaborating scientific disciplines – nanotoxicology and nanotechnology. Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in environment and due to their very small sizes, they possess different properties than the microparticles of the same material (chemical and physical reactivity, interaction with living cells and organisms). Nanotoxicology studies their toxic effect in vitro and in vivo. Nanotechnology develops materials with new properties and functions based on the small size of nanoparticles. Nanomedicine combines new knowledge of nanotechnology and pharmacology to develop new medicaments and therapeutic procedures. The authors summarize current knowledge on nanoparticle properties, their effect on respiratory tract and possible use of nanotechnology in otorhinolaryngology in the article.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nanočástice MeSH
- nanomedicína * MeSH
- nanotechnologie MeSH
- nosiče léků MeSH
- otorinolaryngologie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH