• Keywords
• Sociálně zdravotnický pracovník,
• MeSH
• Residence Characteristics MeSH
• Quality of Health Care MeSH
• Persons with Disabilities MeSH
• Social Work MeSH
• Health Services for Persons with Disabilities MeSH
• Health Plan Implementation MeSH

• NML Fields
• zdravotně postižení
• sociologie

• MeSH
• Residence Characteristics MeSH
• Quality of Health Care MeSH
• Persons with Disabilities MeSH
• Social Work MeSH
• Health Services for Persons with Disabilities MeSH
• Health Plan Implementation MeSH
• Publication type
• Collected Work MeSH

• Conspectus
• Druhy sociální pomoci a služeb
• NML Fields
• zdravotně postižení
• sociologie

The function of adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is not yet completely understood, though many competing theories have attempted to explain the function of these newly-generated neurons. Most theories give adult neurogenesis a role in aiding known hippocampal/dentate gyrus functions. Other theories offer a novel role for these new cells based on their unique physiological qualities, such as their low excitability threshold. Many behavioral tests have been used to test these theories, but results have been inconsistent and often contradictory. Substantial variability in tests and protocols may be at least partially responsible for the mixed results. On the other hand, conflicting results arising from the same tests can serve as aids in elucidating the function of adult neurogenesis. Here, we offer a hypothesis that considers the cognitive nature of tasks commonly used to assess the function of adult neurogenesis, and introduce a dichotomy between tasks focused on discrimination vs. generalization. We view these two aspects as opposite ends of the continuous spectrum onto which traditional tests can be mapped. We propose that high neurogenesis favors behavioral discrimination while low adult neurogenesis favors behavioral generalization of a knowledge or rule. Since many tasks require both, the effects of neurogenesis could be cancelled out in many cases. Although speculative, we hope that our view presents an interesting and testable hypothesis of the effect of adult neurogenesis in traditional behavioral tasks. We conclude that new, carefully designed behavioral tests may be necessary to reach a final consensus on the role of adult neurogenesis in behavior.

• MeSH
• Discrimination Learning physiology   MeSH
• Hippocampus cytology   growth & development   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neurogenesis physiology   MeSH
• Spatial Behavior physiology   MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Kritéria DSM-IV i DSM-V definují tři základní subtypy ADHD: převážně hyperaktivně-impulzivní subtyp (ADHD-H), převážně nepozorný subtyp (ADHD-I) a kombinovaný subtyp (ADHD-C). Na rozdíl od ADHD-H a ADHD-C, u nichž symptomy hyper-aktivity/impulzivity postupně klesají od dětství do dospělosti k podprahovým hodnotám, poruchy pozornosti přetrvávají a ADHD-I je již od školního věku nejčastější subtyp v populaci. Klinicky méně nápadné symptomy ADHD-I však mohou být přehlédnuty nebo překryty komorbidními poruchami a mylná diagnóza může vést k nesprávně cílené léčbě. Analýza ukázala kvantitativní rozdíly mezi třemi subtypy ADHD v riziku výskytu specifického spektra komorbidních poruch, v některých aspektech funkčního poškození, v rozdílném profilu selhávání v běžném životě a akademické oblasti. Děti a adolescenti trpící subtypy spojenými s poruchou pozornosti (ADHD typ I a C) splňují mnohem častěji kritéria pro depresivní fázi a specifické poruchy učení oproti jedincům s ADHD typu H. Pacienti trpící příznaky hyperaktivity-impulzivity (ADHD typu C a H) mnohem častěji splňují kritéria pro externalizované poruchy (zejména poruchy chování a poruchu opozičního vzdoru) a tikové poruchy oproti skupině s ADHD typu I. Je zřejmé, že jedinci s kombinovaným subtypem (ADHD-C) mají riziko komorbidit spojených s oběma dimenzemi symptomů - nepozornosti i hyperaktivity/impulzivity. U subtypu ADHD-H se uvádí nižší míra dědičnosti ve srovnání s dalšími dvěma podtypy a nižší riziko narušení v akademické a kognitivní oblasti. Na druhé straně, ADHD-C a ADHD-I jsou spojeny s podobným typem adaptivního, akademického a neuropsychologického postižení, částečně sdílenými etiologickými vlivy a podobnou odezvou na farmakologické a psychosociální intervence, což zpochybňuje diskriminační validitu těchto subtypů. V současné době představuje nedostatek adekvátně cílených zobrazovacích studií mozku významnou mezeru ve znalostech týkajících se dimenzí jednotlivých subtypů ADHD.

Both the DSM-IV and DSM-V define three main subtypes of ADHD: mostly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (ADHD-H), mostly inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) and combined subtype (ADHD-C). Among patients with ADHD-H and ADHD-C the hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms tend to decline to subclinical levels. However, the inattention symptoms tend to persist and as early as in the school age is the ADHD-I the most frequent subtype in the population. The ADHD-I symptoms are clinically less obvious, therefore they can be missed or covered by comorbid diseases and the wrong diagnosis can lead to an incorrect treatment. Analysis has shown qualitative differences between the three main ADHD subtypes in the incidence of a specific spectrum of comorbid diseases, in some aspects of functioning and in different profile of global and academic impairment. Children and adolescents with inattentive subtypes (ADHD-I and ADHD-C) are more likely to fulfill diagnostic criteria for a major depression or specific learning disorders then groups with ADHD-H. Patients with hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms are more likely to meet criteria for externalizing disorders (mostly oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder) and tic disorders than patients with ADHD-I. Individuals with the combined subtype (ADHD-C) are at risk of comorbidities linked with both symptom dimensions - inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. The ADHD-H subtype shows less heritability and less academic and cognitive impairment than the other subtypes. On the other hand, the ADHD-C and ADHD-I subtypes are linked with a similar type of adaption, academie and neuropsychological impairment, partially shared etiological influences and similar response to pharmacotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions, which compromises the discriminant validity of these subtypes. At present, a dearth of adequately powered brain imaging studies represents an important gap in the knowledge base regarding ADHD dimensions and subtypes.

• MeSH
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders * MeSH
• Executive Function MeSH
• Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity * diagnosis   etiology   classification   complications   psychology   MeSH
• Cognition Disorders etiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuroimaging MeSH
• Attention MeSH
• Social Behavior MeSH
• Social Adjustment MeSH
• Anxiety psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Cells * MeSH
• Molecular Biology MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NML Fields
• molekulární biologie, molekulární medicína
• NML Publication type
• učebnice vysokých škol

• MeSH
• Mental Disorders classification   therapy   MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• psychiatrie

• MeSH
• Behavioral Sciences MeSH
• Mental Disorders diagnosis   drug therapy   classification   therapy   MeSH
• Psychiatry MeSH
• Psychotropic Drugs MeSH
• Psychiatric Somatic Therapies MeSH

• Conspectus
• Psychiatrie
• NML Fields
• psychiatrie
• NML Publication type
• kolektivní monografie

Since close relationship was shown between drug addiction and memory formation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of interaction between prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure and MA treatment in adulthood on spatial and non-spatial memory and on the structure of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the hippocampus. Adult male rats prenatally exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline were tested in adulthood. Non-spatial memory was examined in the Object Recognition Test (ORT) and spatial memory in the Object Location Test (OLT) and in the Memory Retention Test (MRT) conducted in the Morris Water Maze (MWM), respectively. Based on the type of the memory test animals were injected either acutely (ORT, OLT) or long-term (MWM) with MA (1 mg/kg). After each testing, animals were sacrificed and brains were removed. The hippocampus was then examined in Western Blot analysis for occurrence of different NMDA receptors' subtypes. Our results demonstrated that prenatal MA exposure affects the development of the NMDA receptors in the hippocampus that might correspond with improvement of spatial memory tested in adulthood in the MWM. On the other hand, the effect of prenatal MA exposure on non-spatial memory examined in the ORT was the opposite. In addition, we showed that the effect of MA administration in adulthood on NMDA receptors is influenced by prenatal MA exposure, which seems to correlate with the spatial memory examined in the OLT.

• MeSH
• Maze Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Hippocampus drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Methamphetamine administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Random Allocation MeSH
• Rats, Wistar MeSH
• Spatial Memory drug effects   MeSH
• Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate metabolism   MeSH
• Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Blotting, Western MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Our previous studies demonstrated that methamphetamine administered during gestation and lactation periods impairs maternal behavior, alters the functional development of rat pups and affects behavior in adulthood. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of prenatal methamphetamine exposure and cross-fostering on learning tested in Morris water maze (MWM) in adult male rats. Mothers were daily exposed to injection of methamphetamine (MA) (5 mg/kg) or saline (S): prior to impregnation and throughout gestation and lactation periods. On postnatal day 1, pups were cross-fostered so that each mother received some of her own and some of the pups of mother with the opposite treatment. Based on the prenatal and postnatal treatments 4 experimental groups (S/S, S/MA, MA/S, MA/MA) were tested in MWM. Two types of tests were used: (1) “Place navigation test” (Learning) and (2) “Probe test” (Probe). In the test of learning, all animals fostered by methamphetamine-treated dams had longer latencies and trajectories, and bigger search error than the animals fostered by saline-treated control mother, regardless of prenatal exposure. Further, the animals prenatally exposed to methamphetamine swam slower than the animals prenatally exposed to saline, regardless of postnatal exposure in the test of learning and in the Probe test. Our results showed that neither prenatal nor postnatal methamphetamine exposure affected the Probe test. Our results showed that prenatal exposure to methamphetamine at dose of 5 mg/kg does not impair learning in the MWM, while postnatal exposure to methamphetamine from mothers’ breastmilk and maternal care of mother exposed to methamphetamine impairs learning of adult male rats. On the other hand, the maternal care of control mothers does not impair learning of rat pups prenatally exposed to methamphetamine. The present study demonstrates that cross-fostering may affect learning in adulthood.

• MeSH
• Maze Learning physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Embryonic and Fetal Development physiology   MeSH
• Animal Experimentation MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Methamphetamine analogs & derivatives   diagnostic use   metabolism   MeSH
• Spatial Behavior physiology   drug effects   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects diagnosis   etiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Publication type
• Chart MeSH

In earlier experiments we have demonstrated that macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are able to use abstract visual stimuli presented on a computer screen to make spatial choices in the real environment. In those experiments a touch board ("response space") was directly connected to the computer screen ("virtual space"). The goal of the present experiment was to find out whether macaque monkeys are able: (1) To make spatial choices in a response space which is completely separated from the screen where the stimuli (designed as representation of the response space) are presented. (2) To make spatial choices based on visual stimuli representing the configuration of the response space which are rotated with respect to this response space. The monkeys were trained to choose one of the nine "touch holes" on a transparent touch panel situated beside a computer monitor on which the visual stimuli were presented. The visual stimuli were designed as an abstract representation of the response space: the rewarded position was shown as a bright circle situated at a certain position in the rectangle representing the contours of the touch panel. At first, the monkeys were trained with non-rotated spatial stimuli. After this initial training, the visual stimuli were gradually rotated by 20 degrees in each step. In the last phase, the stimulus was suddenly rotated in the opposite direction by 60 degrees in one step. The results of the experiment suggest that the monkeys are able to use successfully abstract stimuli from one spatial frame for spatial choices in another frame. Effective use of the stimuli after their rotation suggested that the monkeys perceived the stimuli as a representation of the configuration of the touch holes in the real space, not only as different geometrical patterns without configuration information.

• MeSH
• Discrimination Learning physiology   MeSH
• Touch physiology   MeSH
• Macaca mulatta MeSH
• Conditioning, Operant physiology   MeSH
• Orientation physiology   MeSH
• Reaction Time physiology   MeSH
• Rotation MeSH
• Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology   MeSH
• Photic Stimulation methods   MeSH
• Space Perception physiology   MeSH
• Form Perception physiology   MeSH
• Choice Behavior physiology   MeSH
• Visual Perception physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH