Photochemical yield Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The acidophilic red alga Cyanidium sp. is one of the dominant mat-forming species in the highly acidic waters of Río Tinto, Spain. The culture of Cyanidium sp., isolated from a microbial mat sample collected at Río Tinto, was exposed to 9 different pH conditions in a gradient from 0.5 to 5 for 24 h and its physiological status evaluated by variable chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics measurements. Maximum quantum yield was determined after 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 24 h of exposure after 15 min dark adaptation. The effect of pH on photochemical activity of Cyanidium sp. was observable as early as 30 min after exposure and the pattern remained stable or with only minor modifications for 24 h. The optimum pH ranged from 1.5 to 2.5. A steep decrease of the photochemical activity was observed at pH below 1 even after 30 min of exposure. Although the alga had tolerated the exposure to pH = 1 for at least 6 h, longer (24 h) exposure resulted in reduction of the photochemical activity. At pH above 2.5, the decline was more moderate and its negative effect on photochemistry was less severe. According to the fluorescence measurements, the red alga Cyanidium sp. is well-adapted to prevailing pH at its original locality at Río Tinto, i.e. pH of 1 to 3. The short-term survival in pH < 1.5 may be adaptation to rare exposures to such low pH in the field. The tolerance of pH above 3 could be caused by adaptation to the microenvironment of the inner parts of microbial mats in which Cyanidium sp. usually dominates and where higher pH could occur due to photosynthetic oxygen production.
A new method of the chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence quenching analysis is described, which allows the calculation of values of (at least) three components of the non-photochemical quenching of the variable Chl a fluorescence (q (N)) using a non-linear regression of a multi-exponential function within experimental data. Formulae for coefficients of the "energy"-dependent (DeltapH-dependent) quenching (q (E)), the state-transition quenching (q (T)) and the photo/inhibitory quenching (q (I)) of Chl a fluorescence were found on the basis of three assumptions: (i) the dark relaxation kinetics of q (N), as well as of all its components, is of an exponential nature, (ii) the superposition principle is valid for individual Chl a fluorescence quenching processes and (iii) the same reference fluorescence level (namely the maximum variable Chl a fluorescence yield in the dark-adapted state, F (V)) is used to define both q (N) and its components. All definitions as well as the algorithms for analytical recognition of the q (N) components are theoretically clarified and experimentally tested. The described theory results in a rather simple equation allowing to compute values for all q (N) components (q (E), q (T), q (I)) as well as the half-times of relaxation (tau(1/2)) of corresponding quenching processes. It is demonstrated that under the above assumptions it holds: q (N) = q (E) + q (T) + q (I). The theoretically derived equations are tested, and the results obtained are discussed for non-stressed and stressed photosynthetically active samples. Semi-empirical formulae for a fast estimation of values of the q (N) components from experimental data are also given.
Soybean (Glycine max L.) has been extensively cultivated in maize-soybean relay intercropping systems in southwest China. However, during the early co-growth period, soybean seedlings suffer from severe shading by maize resulting in lodging and significant yield reduction. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the reasons behind severe lodging and yield loss. Therefore, four different soybean genotypes (B3, B15, B23, and B24) having different agronomic characteristics were cultivated in intercropping and monocropping planting patterns. The results showed that under different planting patterns, the stem resistance varied among genotypes (P < 0.01). The lodging resistance index of B3, B15, B23, and B24 genotypes was 70.9%, 60.5%, 65.2%, and 57.4%, respectively, under intercropping, among which the B24 genotype was less affected by the shade environment as there was little decrease in the lodging resistance index of this genotype under intercropping. The lignin content of B23 and B24 was significantly higher than that of B3 and B15 under both planting patterns. Under intercropping, the hemicellulose content of B23 and B24 stems was significantly higher than that of B3 and B15. Compared to the monocropping, the content of mannose in the structural carbohydrate of soybean stems was decreased in all genotypes except B23, but the difference was not significant. The content of xylose in the structural carbohydrate of soybean stems was significantly higher than that in B3 and B15. Mannose content showed no significant difference among genotypes. The arabinose content of B24 was significantly higher than that of B3, B15, and B23. The effective pod number, seed number per plant, seed weight per plant and yield of soybean plants were significantly decreased under intercropping. Conclusively, manipulation of structural and nonstructural carbohydrate rich soybean genotypes in intercropping systems could alleviate the yield loss due to lodging.
- MeSH
- celulosa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres genetika fyziologie MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- Glycine max genetika metabolismus MeSH
- lignin genetika metabolismus MeSH
- monosacharidy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- polysacharidy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sacharosa metabolismus MeSH
- stonky rostlin genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Prebiotic nucleotide synthesis is crucial to understanding the origins of life on Earth. There are numerous candidates for life's first nucleic acid, however, currently no prebiotic method to selectively and concurrently synthesise the canonical Watson-Crick base-pairing pyrimidine (C, U) and purine (A, G) nucleosides exists for any genetic polymer. Here, we demonstrate the divergent prebiotic synthesis of arabinonucleic acid (ANA) nucleosides. The complete set of canonical nucleosides is delivered from one reaction sequence, with regiospecific glycosidation and complete furanosyl selectivity. We observe photochemical 8-mercaptopurine reduction is efficient for the canonical purines (A, G), but not the non-canonical purine inosine (I). Our results demonstrate that synthesis of ANA may have been facile under conditions that comply with plausible geochemical environments on early Earth and, given that ANA is capable of encoding RNA/DNA compatible information and evolving to yield catalytic ANA-zymes, ANA may have played a critical role during the origins of life.
The oxidative photocyclization of aromatic Schiff bases was investigated as a potential method for synthesis of phenanthridine derivatives, biologically active compounds with medical applications. Although it is possible to prepare the desired phenanthridines using such an approach, the reaction has to be performed in the presence of acid and TEMPO to increase reaction rate and yield. The reaction kinetics was studied on a series of substituted imines covering the range from electron-withdrawing to electron-donating substituents. It was found that imines with electron-withdrawing substituents react one order of magnitude faster than imines bearing electron-donating groups. The 1H NMR monitoring of the reaction course showed that a significant part of the Z isomer in the reaction is transformed into E isomer which is more prone to photocyclization. The portion of the Z isomer transformed showed a linear correlation to the Hammett substituent constants. The reaction scope was expanded towards synthesis of larger aromatic systems, namely to the synthesis of strained aromatic systems, e.g., helicenes. In this respect, it was found that the scope of oxidative photocyclization of aromatic imines is limited to the formation of no more than five ortho-fused aromatic rings.
A new concept of a photoremovable chiral auxiliary (PCA), based on the chiral benzoin chromophore, is introduced. This moiety can control the asymmetric formation of a Diels-Alder adduct, and then be removed in a subsequent photochemical step in high chemical and quantum yields. Selective formation of the products at up to 96% ee was observed in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst in the case of a 2-methoxybenzoinyl chiral auxiliary.
Almost every laboratory dealing with plant physiology, photosynthesis research, remote sensing, and plant phenotyping possesses a fluorometer to measure a kind of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction (FLI). When the slow Chl FLI is measured with addition of saturating pulses and far-red illumination, the so-called quenching analysis followed by the so-called relaxation analysis in darkness can be realized. These measurements then serve for evaluation of the so-called energy partitioning, that is, calculation of quantum yields of photochemical and of different types of non-photochemical processes. Several theories have been suggested for photosynthetic energy partitioning. The current work aims to summarize all the existing theories, namely their equations for the quantum yields, their meaning and their assumptions. In the framework of these theories it is also found here that the well-known NPQ parameter ( [Formula: see text] ; Bilger and Björkman, 1990) equals the ratio of the quantum yield of regulatory light-induced non-photochemical quenching to the quantum yield of constitutive non-regulatory non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ/Φf,D). A similar relationship is also found here for the PQ parameter (ΦP/Φf,D).
- MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- energetický metabolismus MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- fotosyntéza fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin fyziologie účinky záření MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Nucleosides, nucleotides and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) containing 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil protected with photocleavable groups (2-nitrobenzyl-, 6-nitropiperonyl or 9-anthrylmethyl) were prepared and tested as building blocks for the polymerase synthesis of photocaged oligonucleotides and DNA. Photodeprotection (photorelease) reactions were studied in detail on model nucleoside monophosphates and their photoreaction quantum yields were determined. Photocaged dNTPs were then tested and used as substrates for DNA polymerases in primer extension or PCR. DNA probes containing photocaged or free 5-hydroxymethylU in the recognition sequence of restriction endonucleases were prepared and used for the study of photorelease of caged DNA by UV or visible light at different wavelengths. The nitropiperonyl-protected nucleotide was found to be a superior building block because the corresponding dNTP is a good substrate for DNA polymerases, and the protecting group is efficiently cleavable by irradiation by UV or visible light (up to 425 nm).
Lanthanum-modified TiO2 photocatalysts (0.2-1.5 wt% La) were investigated in the methanol decomposition in an aqueous solution. The photocatalysts were prepared by the common sol-gel method followed by calcination. The structural (X-ray diffraction, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), textural (N2 physisorption), and optical properties (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoelectrochemical measurements) of all synthetized nanomaterials were correlated with photocatalytic activity. Both pure TiO2 and La-doped TiO2 photocatalysts proved higher yields of hydrogen in comparison to photolysis. The photocatalyst with optimal amount of lanthanum (0.2 wt% La) showed almost two times higher amount of hydrogen produced at the same time as in the presence of pure TiO2. The photocatalytic activity increased with both increasing photocurrent response and decreasing amount of lattice and surface O species. It has been shown that both direct and indirect mechanisms of methanol photocatalytic oxidation participate in the production of hydrogen. Both direct and indirect mechanisms take part in the formation of hydrogen.
Changes of photosynthetic activity in vivo of individual heterocysts and vegetative cells in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 during the course of diazotrophic acclimation were determined using fluorescence kinetic microscopy (FKM). Distinct phases of stress and acclimation following nitrogen step-down were observed. The first was a period of perception, in which the cells used their internally stored nitrogen without detectable loss of PS II activity or pigments. In the second, the stress phase of nitrogen limitation, the cell differentiation occurred and an abrupt decline of fluorescence yield was observed. This decline in fluorescence was not paralleled by a corresponding decline in photosynthetic pigment content and PS II activity. Both maximal quantum yield and sustained electron flow were not altered in vegetative cells, only in the forming heterocysts. The third, acclimation phase started first in the differentiating heterocysts with a recovery of PS II photochemical yields [Formula: see text] Afterwards, the onset of nitrogenase activity was observed, followed by the restoration of antenna pigments in the vegetative cells, but not in the heterocysts. Surprisingly, mature heterocysts were found to have an intact PS II as judged by photochemical yields, but a strongly reduced PS II-associated antenna as judged by decreased F 0. The possible importance of the functional PS II in heterocysts is discussed. Also, the FKM approach allowed to follow in vivo and evaluate the heterogeneity in photosynthetic performance among individual vegetative cells as well as heterocysts in the course of diazotrophic acclimation. Some cells along the filament (so-called "superbright cells") were observed to display transiently increased fluorescence yield, which apparently proceeded by apoptosis.
- MeSH
- aklimatizace fyziologie MeSH
- Anabaena cytologie fyziologie MeSH
- analýza jednotlivých buněk metody MeSH
- biologické pigmenty metabolismus MeSH
- chlorofyl metabolismus MeSH
- dusík nedostatek MeSH
- fluorescenční mikroskopie metody MeSH
- fotosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
