V roce 2010 byl v Číně popsán nový virus s epidemickým potenciálem; virus SFTSV (Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus), patřící mezi fleboviry čeledi Bunyaviridae. Je rozšířen v Číně, Severní i Jižní Koreji, Japonsku a nově byl zjištěn také ve Vietnamu. Virus způsobuje syndrom vysoké horečky s trombocytopenií (SFTS, Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome). Kromě horečky se projevuje gastrointestinálními a hemoragickými příznaky, trombocytopenií, leukocytopenií, zvýšenými hladinami sérových enzymů (AST, ALT, LDH, kreatinkinázy aj.) a lokalizovanou lymfadenopatií. Velmi vzácně se onemocnění může projevit také reaktivní plazmocytózou, která může připomínat mnohočetný myelom. Smrtnost je udávána v rozmezí 5,3–32,6 %. Virus je na člověka přenášen klíšťaty (Haemaphysalis longicornis, Amblyomma testudinarium, Rhipicephalus microplus aj.). Bylo rovněž popsáno několik případů přímého mezilidského přenosu při kontaktu nechráněné kůže s krví a jinými tělními tekutinami nakaženého a nozokomiální přenos. Rezervoárem nákazy jsou obratlovci, divoká zvěř i užitková zvířata. Nejvyšší séroprevalence viru byla zjištěna u koz nebo dobytka. Vakcinace ani specifická terapie nejsou dostupné. Prevence v endemických oblastech v současné době spočívá v ochraně před klíšťaty, včasné diagnostice a symptomatické léčbě.

In 2010, new virus with epidemic potential was described in China. SFTSV (Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus) belongs to genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. The virus was reported in China, North and South Korea, Japan and newly also in Vietnam. It causes Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS); fever, gastrointestinal and hemorrhagic symptoms, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, elevated serum enzyme levels and localized lymphadenopathy. Very rarely, might be accompanied with reactive plasmocytosis, which might imitate multiple myeloma. Estimated case fatality rate varies between 5.3–32.6 %. Virus is transmitted on humans by ticks (e.g. Haemaphysalis longicornis, Amblyomma testudinarium and Rhipicephalus microplus). Another transmission mode is direct contact of uncovered skin with blood and other body fluids of infected person. Nosocomial transmission also occurred. Reservoir of the infection are vertebrates, both wild and domestic animals. The highest seroprevalence was detected in goats and cattle generally. Neither vaccination, nor specific therapy is available. The non-specific preventive measures are avoiding tick bites in endemic regions, early diagnosis and treatment.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci přenášené klíšťaty * diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• Phlebovirus patogenita   MeSH
• těžká forma horečky s trombocytopenickým syndromem * diagnóza   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• Japonsko MeSH
• Korea MeSH

Autoři referují kazuistiky 3 pacientů s aseptickou meningoencefalitidou, která se rozvinula po návratu ze středomořských turistických destinací. U pacientů nebyl zjištěn žádný z původců aseptických neuroinfekcí běžných v ČR. Následné sérologické vyšetření prokázalo, že onemocnění bylo způsobeno virem Toscana, flebovirem z čeledi Bunyaviridae. Jedná se o virus přenášený drobným bodavým hmyzem rodu Phlebotomus, který se hojně vyskytuje v oblasti Středozemního moře. Průběh onemocnění u všech pacientů byl lehký až středně těžký, všichni se uzdravili bez následků. Uvedené kazuistiky dokumentují skutečnost, že tento nepříliš známý arbovirus patří do diferenciálně diagnostické rozvahy u pacientů s aseptickou neuroinfekcí po návratu z oblastí výskytu tohoto viru.

Presented are case studies of 3 patients with aseptic meninogencephalitis occurring after returning from the Mediterranean tourist regions. None of the infectious agents common in aseptic neuroinfections in the Czech Republic was detected in the patients. Serological tests showed that in each case, the illness was caused by Toscana virus, a phlebovirus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. The virus is transmitted by tiny biting insects of the genus Phlebotomus commonly present in the Mediterranean area. The course of the disease was mild to moderate and all the patients recovered without sequelae. These case reports document the fact that this arbovirus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with aseptic neuroinfections returning from endemic areas of this virus.

• MeSH
• Bunyaviridae patogenita   MeSH
• cestování MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• importované infekce MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida aseptická * diagnóza   etiologie   farmakoterapie   krev   terapie   virologie   MeSH
• meningoencefalitida * diagnóza   etiologie   farmakoterapie   terapie   virologie   MeSH
• Phlebovirus patogenita   MeSH
• sérologické testy MeSH
• virus horečky pappataci * patogenita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Sandfly-borne phleboviruses are endemic in the Mediterranean basin. However, levels of exposure of human and animal populations are inadequately researched. Toscana virus (TOSV) is present in Portugal where it causes human infection and disease; in contrast there are few data for sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) which has neither been isolated nor detected by molecular tests and for which there are only limited serological data. The sera collected from 1160 dogs and 189 cats in southern Portugal were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies against TOSV and SFSV, two viruses recognized as distinct serocomplexes in the Mediterranean region. Our data showed (i) seropositivity to TOSV and SFSV in dogs at a rate of 6.8 and 50.8 %, respectively, and (ii) that 3.7 % of cats were seropositive for TOSV. TOSV findings are in line with previous results obtained with less stringent serological assays. Our results for SFSV in dogs clearly indicate that the virus is circulating widely and that humans may be exposed to infection via the dogs. Although the presence of SFSV was suggested by haemagglutination inhibition in 4/1690 human sera in 1974, this is the first time, as far as we know, that SFSV has been shown to circulate so widely in dogs in Portugal. Future studies should be directed at isolating strains of SFSV in Portugal from dogs, humans and sandflies collected in high prevalence regions. As dogs appear to be good sentinels for SFSV, their role as a possible reservoir in the natural cycle should also be considered.

• MeSH
• horečka pappataci krev   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• nemoci koček krev   virologie   MeSH
• nemoci psů krev   virologie   MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky krev   MeSH
• Phlebovirus imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• virus horečky pappataci imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• psi MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Portugalsko epidemiologie   MeSH

Toscana virus (TOSV) (Bunyavirales, Phenuiviridae, Phlebovirus, Toscana phlebovirus) and other related human pathogenic arboviruses are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. TOSV has been reported in nations bordering the Mediterranean Sea among other regions. Infection can result in febrile illness as well as meningitis and encephalitis. Understanding vector-arbovirus interactions is crucial to improving our knowledge of how arboviruses spread, and in this context, immune responses that control viral replication play a significant role. Extensive research has been conducted on mosquito vector immunity against arboviruses, with RNA interference (RNAi) and specifically the exogenous siRNA (exo-siRNA) pathway playing a critical role. However, the antiviral immunity of phlebotomine sand flies is less well understood. Here we were able to show that the exo-siRNA pathway is active in a Phlebotomus papatasi-derived cell line. Following TOSV infection, distinctive 21 nucleotide virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) were detected. We also identified the exo-siRNA effector Ago2 in this cell line, and silencing its expression rendered the exo-siRNA pathway largely inactive. Thus, our data show that this pathway is active as an antiviral response against a sand fly transmitted bunyavirus, TOSV.

• MeSH
• arboviry * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malá interferující RNA genetika   MeSH
• Phlebotomus * genetika   MeSH
• Phlebovirus * genetika   MeSH
• Psychodidae * genetika   MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• virus horečky pappataci * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• Bunyaviridae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Columbidae parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem MeSH
• klíšťata parazitologie   MeSH
• Phlebovirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Tunisko MeSH

• MeSH
• infekce viry z čeledi Bunyaviridae MeSH
• klíště MeSH
• Phlebovirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Francie MeSH

A new phlebovirus, Medjerda Valley virus (MVV), was isolated from one pool of Phlebotomus sp. (Diptera; Psychodidae) sandflies trapped in the vicinity of the Utique site, northern Tunisia. Genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences of the three RNA segments indicated that MVV is most closely related to members of the Salehabad virus species, where it is the fourth virus for which the complete sequence is available. A seroprevalence study was performed to search for neutralizing antibodies in human sera in the same region. The results demonstrate that in this area, MVV can readily infect humans despite low seroprevalence rates. Salehabad species viruses have generally been considered to be a group of viruses with little medical or veterinary interest. This view deserves to be revisited according to our human seroprevalence results, together with high animal infection rate of Adana virus and recent evidence of human infection with Adria virus in Greece. Further studies are needed to investigate the capacity of each specific member of the Salehabad virus species to cause human or animal diseases.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom virový MeSH
• hmyz - vektory virologie   MeSH
• horečka pappataci epidemiologie   imunologie   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky imunologie   MeSH
• Phlebovirus klasifikace   genetika   imunologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• protilátky virové imunologie   MeSH
• Psychodidae virologie   MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Řecko MeSH
• Tunisko MeSH

UNLABELLED: A new phlebovirus, Adana virus, was isolated from a pool of Phlebotomus spp. (Diptera; Psychodidae) in the province of Adana, in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences indicated that Adana virus belongs to the Salehabad virus species of the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Adana virus is the third virus of the Salehabad virus species for which the complete sequence has been determined. To understand the epidemiology of Adana virus, a seroprevalence study using microneutralization assay was performed to detect the presence of specific antibodies in human and domestic animal sera collected in Adana as well as Mersin province, located 147 km west of Adana. The results demonstrate that the virus is present in both provinces. High seroprevalence rates in goats, sheep, and dogs support intensive exposure to Adana virus in the region, which has not been previously reported for any virus included in the Salehabad serocomplex; however, low seroprevalence rates in humans suggest that Adana virus is not likely to constitute an important public health problem in exposed human populations, but this deserves further studies. IMPORTANCE: Until recently, in the genus Phlebovirus, the Salehabad virus species consisted of two viruses: Salehabad virus, isolated from sand flies in Iran, and Arbia virus, isolated from sand flies in Italy. Here we present the isolation and complete genome characterization of the Adana virus, which we propose to be included in the Salehabad virus species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation and complete genome characterization, from sand flies in Turkey, of a Salehabad virus-related phlebovirus with supporting seropositivity in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions, where phleboviruses have been circulating and causing outbreaks. Salehabad species viruses have generally been considered to be a group of viruses with little medical or veterinary interest. This view deserves to be revisited according to our results, which indicate a high animal infection rate of Adana virus and recent evidence of human infection with Adria virus in Greece.

• MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie veterinární   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyz - vektory virologie   MeSH
• infekce viry z čeledi Bunyaviridae epidemiologie   veterinární   virologie   MeSH
• kozy virologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• neutralizační testy veterinární   MeSH
• ovce virologie   MeSH
• Phlebotomus virologie   MeSH
• Phlebovirus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• psi virologie   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární   MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• psi virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko MeSH

Background: Massilia virus (MASV) is a phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus perniciosus in various regions of southwestern Europe. It is closely related to human pathogens such as Toscana virus and sandfly fever Naples virus. The natural cycle of phleboviruses is poorly understood. Indeed, experimental studies demonstrate that transovarial and sexual transmission are not efficient enough for the maintenance of the virus in nature and to date there is no convincing evidence that a species of vertebrates is the reservoir of the virus. Here, we studied various transmission routes of MASV taking advantage of experimental colonies representing different species of sand flies. Methodology/Principal findings: In P. perniciosus, four sources of infection were compared: (i) Virus-seeded larval food to the first instar larvae (L1), or (ii) to the fourth instar larvae (L4), (iii) virus-seeded blood meal to adult females, and (iv) virus-seeded sugar meal to adults of both sexes. From 875 adults emerged from infected L1 and L4, only three were positive. In females infected by bloodmeal the infection rate was high before defecation, then it decreased drastically; MASV RNA was detected in only 5 out of 27 post-defecation. Surprisingly, the most efficient route of infection was observed after intake of virus-seeded sugar meal: 72% of females (79/110) and 52% of males (51/99) were found to be MASV RNA-positive. In addition, MASV-infected sandflies regurgitated virus particules into the sugar drop and MASV RNA was detectable in this drop for at least 24 h after regurgitation. MASV RNA was detected in about one third of the P. perniciosus exposed to this sugar drop contaminated by regurgitation. Sugar meal infection was also tested with six other species of sand flies. In males, there were no significant differences in infection rates when compared to P. perniciosus. In females, most species tested showed high infection rate at the beginning but then significant gradual decrease in infection rate during the experiment. Conclusions/Significance: We present the first description of arboviral infection of a dipteran vector using sugar meal. In all seven sand fly species tested, MASV was detected for two weeks post-infection. Our results showed that MASV can be transmitted between P. perniciosus either through co-feeding or via an infected sugar source such as plant sap. These newly described routes of horizontal transmission may play an important role in the circulation of phleboviruses in nature.

• MeSH
• cukry MeSH
• fomity virologie   MeSH
• hmyz - vektory fyziologie   virologie   MeSH
• horečka pappataci přenos   MeSH
• jídla MeSH
• kontaminace potravin * MeSH
• Phlebovirus růst a vývoj   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Psychodidae fyziologie   virologie   MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are proven vectors of various pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Although mostly known for their pivotal role in the transmission of parasitic protists of the genus Leishmania that cause leishmaniases, they are also proven or suspected vectors of many arboviruses, some of which threaten human and animal health, causing disorders such as human encephalitis (Chandipura virus) or serious diseases of domestic animals (vesicular stomatitis viruses). We reviewed the literature to summarize the current published information on viruses detected in or isolated from phlebotomine sand flies, excluding the family Phenuiviridae with the genus Phlebovirus, as these have been well investigated and up-to-date reviews are available. Sand fly-borne viruses from four other families (Rhabdoviridae, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae and Peribunyaviridae) and one unclassified group (Negevirus) are reviewed for the first time regarding their distribution in nature, host and vector specificity, and potential natural transmission cycles.

• MeSH
• arboviry * MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Phlebovirus * MeSH
• Psychodidae * MeSH
• Rhabdoviridae * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH