Reward based learning is broadly acknowledged to underpin the development and maintenance of addictive behaviour although the mechanism in sexual compulsivity is less understood. Using a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task we tested whether the motivational aspect of conditioned Pavlovian conditioned stimulus invigorated instrumental responding in relation to specific compatible monetary rewards. Performance on the task was analysed between two groups of males based on Low (N = 38) and High (N = 41) self-report online sexual behaviour (OSB). Psychometric tests including sexual compulsivity scale and behavioural activation/behavioural inhibition (BIS/BAS) were also administered to determine the relationship between OSB and general reward sensitivity. We show clear evidence of acquisition in the Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning phases. Specific transfer effect was greater in the High-OSB group although the difference compared to the Low-OSB group was non-significant. OSB negatively correlated with both BIS and BAS indicative of introversion and low reward sensitivity. OSB positively correlated with sexual compulsivity although it is unclear whether individuals in the High-OSB group considered their behaviour either excessive or problematic. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the nature of problematic OSB. Fundamental differences in motivational characteristics and mechanism contributing to compulsive behaviour in relation to high-OSB might indicate incompatibility with behavioural addiction models. PIT was not enhanced in high-OSB by appetitive conditioning, although problematic OSB could stem from failure to inhibit actions. Further research should investigate whether aversive conditioning differentially affects responding in high-OSB individuals, potentially explaining perseverant behaviour despite negative consequences.

• MeSH
• klasické podmiňování fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• návykové chování * MeSH
• odměna MeSH
• operantní podmiňování fyziologie   MeSH
• přenos učení (psychologie) * fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální chování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Sexual activity and/or reproduction are associated with a doubling of life expectancy in the long-lived rodent genus Fukomys. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we analyzed 636 RNA-seq samples across 15 tissues. This analysis suggests that changes in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis play a key role regarding the extended life expectancy of reproductive vs. non-reproductive mole-rats. This is substantiated by a corpus of independent evidence. In accordance with previous studies, the up-regulation of the proteasome and so-called 'anti-aging molecules', for example, dehydroepiandrosterone, is linked with enhanced lifespan. On the other hand, several of our results are not consistent with knowledge about aging of short-lived model organisms. For example, we found the up-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1/growth hormone axis and several other anabolic processes to be compatible with a considerable lifespan prolongation. These contradictions question the extent to which findings from short-lived species can be transferred to longer-lived ones.

• MeSH
• dehydroepiandrosteron farmakologie   MeSH
• dlouhověkost genetika   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus   MeSH
• mikroftalmičtí podzemní hlodavci genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• psychický stres metabolismus   MeSH
• rozmnožování * MeSH
• sexuální chování zvířat MeSH
• systém hypofýza - nadledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• systém hypotalamus-hypofýza metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Vrozené vývojové vady ženského genitálu vznikají na genetickém podkladě a během embryonálního vývoje. Mohou způsobovat neplodnost nebo komplikovat těhotenství. Referujeme vzácnou vrozenou vývojovou vadu genitálu (uterus septus communicans cum cervix duplex et vagina septa), při které lze otěhotnět, ale těhotenství je rizikové. Demonstrujeme důležitost přesného popisu vady pro sledování a zdárný průběh těhotenství, včetně načasování jeho bezpečného ukončení. Nerozpoznání této vady by mohlo mít fatální důsledky zejména pro plod.

Congenital malformations of female genitalia may be inherited or occur during abnormal embryonic development. They can cause infertility or complicate pregnancy. We refer to the rare congenital developmental defect of the genitalia (uterus septus communicans cum cervix duplex et vagina septa) which is compatible with high risk pregnancy. We demonstrate the importance of accurate description of the defect for monitoring and the successful course and timely adequate termination of pregnancy. Failure to recognize this defect could have fatal consequences, especially for the fetus.

• MeSH
• císařský řez metody   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci dělohy * genetika   komplikace   MeSH
• porod MeSH
• poruchy sexuálního vývoje genetika   komplikace   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vrozené vady MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Ecological preferences, partner compatibility, or partner availability are known to be important factors shaping obligate and intimate lichen symbioses. We considered a complex of Cladonia species, traditionally differentiated by the extent of sexual reproduction and the type of vegetative propagules, to assess if the reproductive and dispersal strategies affect mycobiont-photobiont association patterns. In total 85 lichen thalli from 72 European localities were studied, two genetic markers for both Cladonia mycobionts and Asterochloris photobionts were analyzed. Variance partitioning analysis by multiple regression on distance matrices was performed to describe and partition variance in photobiont genetic diversity. Asexually reproducing Cladonia in our study were found to be strongly specific to their photobionts, associating with only two closely related Asterochloris species. In contrast, sexually reproducing lichens associated with seven unrelated Asterochloris lineages, thus being photobiont generalists. The reproductive mode had the largest explanatory power, explaining 44% of the total photobiont variability. Reproductive and dispersal strategies are the key factors shaping photobiont diversity in this group of Cladonia lichens. A strict photobiont specialisation observed in two studied species may steer both evolutionary flexibility and responses to ecological changes of these organisms, and considerably limit their distribution ranges.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• Chlorophyta klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lišejníky klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• šíření semen fyziologie   MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Research indicated that (i) vaginal orgasm consistency is associated with indices of psychological, intimate relationship, and physiological functioning, and (ii) masturbation is adversely associated with some such measures. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the association of various dyadic and masturbation behavior frequencies and percentage of female orgasms during these activities with: (i) measures of dyadic adjustment; (ii) sexual satisfaction; and (iii) compatibility perceived by both partners. METHODS: In a sample of 85 Czech long-term couples (aged 20-40; mean relationship length 5.4 years), both partners provided details of recent sexual behaviors and completed sexual satisfaction, Spanier dyadic adjustment, and Hurlbert sexual compatibility measures. Multiple regression analyses were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The association of sexual behaviors with dyadic adjustment, sexual compatibility, and satisfaction was analyzed. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, women's dyadic adjustment is independently predicted by greater vaginal orgasm consistency and lower frequency of women's masturbation. For both sexes, sexual compatibility was independently predicted by higher frequency of penile-vaginal intercourse and greater vaginal orgasm consistency. Women's sexual satisfaction score was significantly predicted by greater vaginal orgasm consistency, frequency of partner genital stimulation, and negatively with masturbation. Men's sexual satisfaction score was significantly predicted by greater intercourse frequency and any vaginal orgasm of their female partners. Concordance of partner vaginal orgasm consistency estimates was associated with greater dyadic adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that specifically penile-vaginal intercourse frequency and vaginal orgasm consistency are associated with indices of greater intimate relationship adjustment, satisfaction, and compatibility of both partners, and that women's masturbation is independently inversely associated with measures of dyadic and personal function. Results are discussed in light of previous research and an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
• koitus fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• masturbace psychologie   MeSH
• orgasmus fyziologie   MeSH
• osobní uspokojení MeSH
• percepce MeSH
• sexuální chování fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• sexuální partneři psychologie   MeSH
• teorie detekce signálu * MeSH
• vagina krevní zásobení   fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Ženské pohlavní dysfunkce zahrnují heterogenní spektrum problémů, které snižují kvalitu života, přinášejí interpersonální, vztahové i reprodukční problémy. Jejich přesnou etiopatogenezi většinou neznáme. Charakterizujeme je pomocí fenomenologických metod a členíme podle symptomatologie. Práce porovnává tři současné mezinárodní klasifikační systémy ženských sexuálních dysfunkcí podle způsobu jejich definování. Kriticky hodnotí jejich malou kompatibilitu a poukazuje na rozdíly v pojetí této problematiky. Zvláštní důraz je kladen na posouzení sexuálních dysfunkcí podle nové 5. revize Diagnostického a statistického manuálu mentálních poruch. Přehled a srovnání současných klasifikací by měl přispět k lepšímu využití těchto systémů v klinické praxi. Klíčová slova: diagnostický a statistický manuál – klasifikace – ženské sexuální dysfunkce

Female sexual dysfunctions involve heterogenous range of problems, which may decrease quality of life, and bring interpersonal, relationship and reproductive issues. Its precise etiopathogenesis is not mostly known. They are characterized by phenomenological methods and divided by symptomatology. The article compares three current international female sexual dysfunction classification systems based on the type of their definition. Their mutual compatibility is critically evaluated and differences in approach to these issues are highlighted. Particular emphasis is placed on the evaluation of sexual dysfunction set by new revised version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (51,2,3 th Edition). Overview and comparison of current classifications should contribute to a better use of these systems in clinical practice. Key words: classification – diagnostic and statistical manual – female sexual dysfunctions

• Klíčová slova
• International Consultation on Sexual Medicine – ICSM,
• MeSH
• Diagnostický a statistický manuál mentálních poruch MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezinárodní klasifikace nemocí MeSH
• sexuální dysfunkce fyziologická * klasifikace   MeSH
• sexuální dysfunkce psychické * klasifikace   MeSH
• terminologie jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The role of genetic benefits in female mate choice remains a controversial aspect of sexual selection theory. In contrast to "good allele" models of sexual selection, "compatible allele" models of mate choice predict that females prefer mates with alleles complementary to their own rather than conferring additive effects. While correlative results suggest complementary genetic effects to be plausible, direct experimental evidence is scarce. A previous study on the Chinese rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus) demonstrated a positive correlation between female mate choice, offspring growth and survival, and the functional dissimilarity between the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) alleles of males and females. Here we directly tested whether females used cues associated with MHC genes to select genetically compatible males in an experimental framework. By sequentially pairing females with MHC similar and dissimilar males, based on a priori known MHC profiles, we showed that females discriminated between similar and dissimilar males and deposited significantly more eggs with MHC dissimilar males. Notably, the degree of dissimilarity was an important factor for female decision to mate, possibly indicating a potential threshold value of dissimilarity for decision making, or of an indirect effect of the MHC.

• MeSH
• Cyprinidae imunologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• hlavní histokompatibilní komplex imunologie   MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• rozhodování MeSH
• sexuální výběr u zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• výběrové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Dandelions (genus Taraxacum) comprise a group of sexual diploids and apomictic polyploids with a complicated reticular evolution. Apomixis (clonal reproduction through seeds) in this genus is considered to be obligate, and therefore represent a good model for studying the role of asexual reproduction in microevolutionary processes of apomictic genera. In our study, a total of 187 apomictic individuals composing a set of nine microspecies (sampled across wide geographic area in Europe) were genotyped for six microsatellite loci and for 162 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Our results indicated that significant genetic similarity existed within accessions with low numbers of genotypes. Genotypic variability was high among accessions but low within accessions. Clustering methods discriminated individuals into nine groups corresponding to their phenotypes. Furthermore, two groups of apomictic genotypes were observed, which suggests that they had different asexual histories. A matrix compatibility test suggests that most of the variability within accession groups was mutational in origin. However, the presence of recombination was also detected. The accumulation of mutations in asexual clones leads to the establishment of a network of clone mates. However, this study suggests that the clones primarily originated from the hybridisation between sexual and apomicts.

• MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• genetické lokusy fyziologie   MeSH
• genotyp * MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• polyploidie * MeSH
• rozmnožování genetika   MeSH
• Taraxacum genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Výsledky laboratorních studií naznačují, že uživatelky orální hormonální antikoncepce (HA) preferují v porovnání s normálně cyklujícími ženami muže méně maskulinní a podobnější v genech MHC. Řada autorů spekulovala o celospolečensky závažných důsledcích tohoto fenoménu, jako například o vzrůstu rozvodovosti následkem nižší stability dlouhodobých partnerství, která se vytvořila pod vlivem užívání HA. Tyto spekulace však mají v současné době pouze omezenou empirickou podporu. Na základě shrnutí předchozích výzkumů lze pouze říci, že užívání HA ovlivňuje vnímání žen na úrovni partnerských preferencí, kdy je u uživatelek HA pozorováno nižší hodnocení sexuální atraktivity mužů vykazujících znaky genetické kvality a kompatibility k nim než u žen ve folikulární fázi menstruačního cyklu. Zároveň u nich však není ovlivněno hodnocení atraktivity mužů s charakteristikami vhodnými pro vytvoření dlouhodobého partnerství. Do současnosti neexistovaly studie, které by testovaly, zda se dlouhodobá partnerství vytvořená pod vlivem HA skutečně častěji rozpadají či zda jsou partneři v nich podobnější v genech MHC. Nejnovější výzkumy realizované mimo kontext laboratoře naznačují, že by výběr partnerů s vyššími partnerskými kvalitami spolu s výskytem propartnersky orientovaných behaviorálních projevů u zadaných uživatelek HA (např. nižší výskyt nevěry, vyšší frekvence dyadických sexuálních aktivit) mohly v reálném prostředí převážit negativa výběru partnera méně geneticky kvalitního a kompatibilního.

In laboratory conditions, the use of oral contraceptives (OC) has been shown to disrupt mate preferences (e.g. for masculinity and genetic dissimilarity) that are considered to be adaptive in naturally cycling women. The consequence of OC influenced mate choice on relationship satisfaction and durability in an ecological context has been extensively debated. However, there is only limited empirical support for these speculations. The stability of long-term couples, who met under the influence of OC use, has not been studied in an ecological context. We can only assume that OC use influences cognitive aspects of attractiveness ratings. OC users were found to give lower value to such sexual attractiveness of male stimuli which was associated with genetic quality and compatibility in comparison with normally cycling women in their follicular phase. However, the evaluation of male stimuli with the cues of higher parental and relationship qualities did not differ from ratings of normally cycling women. Results of recent studies accomplished outside the laboratory context suggest, that the bias in mate choice towards the preferences of men with higher long-term relationship qualities in conjunction with higher frequency of mate-retention behaviour observed in OC users (e.g. higher frequency of dyadic sexual activities, suppressed infidelity tendencies) can override the negatives of OC influenced mate preferences.

• Klíčová slova
• evoluční psychologie, partnerský výběr,
• MeSH
• antikoncepční chování psychologie   trendy   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• kontraceptiva orální hormonální farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• menstruace fyziologie   psychologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• menstruační cyklus MeSH
• metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
• psychologie metody   MeSH
• sexualita fyziologie   psychologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• sexuální partneři psychologie   MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

The aim was to follow-up gonadal functions in long-term survivors of acute myeloid leukemias (AML) after intensive chemotherapy based on high-doses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and anthracyclines in the study UHKT-911. Adult patients were treated with at least 3 cycles of chemotherapy including 1-3 courses of Ara-C 10 x 2000 mg/m2/12 h and daunorubicin (DNR) 2 x 45 mg/m2/d. Spermiologic examinations were performed in 7 men by the classic microscopic method and results were evaluated according to the WHOcriteria. Two patients (42- and 47-year-old) after DNR and Ara-C chemotherapy had nearly normal spermiologic findings. The semen of a 49-year-old patient contained normal numbers of spermatozoa with decreased velocity when examined 1 year after chemotherapy but 4 years later exhibited oligoasthenozoospermia. The patient received 4 cycles of Ara-C and DNR plus one cycle with etoposide 350 mg/m2 and mitoxantrone 30 mg/m2. Semen examination of two patients 55- and 59-year-old showed permanent oligoasthenozoospermia with only sporadic progressively motile spermatozoa which might not be compatible with fertilization by sexual intercourse. They received the same chemotherapy including cumulative doses of etoposide 500 mg/m2 and mitoxantrone 36 mg/m2. Semen of two patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation exhibited severe oligoasthenozoospermia with no motile spermatozoa. Permanent amenorrhea developed in two women (42- and 46-year-old) during chemotherapy with DNR, Ara-C, etoposide, and mitoxantrone which was not the case in three women (29-40 years old) treated without etoposide and mitoxantrone. Intensive chemotherapy with high-doses of Ara-C and DNR plus one cycle of etoposide and mitoxantrone may cause permanent gonadal dysfunction in middle-aged patients with AML.

• MeSH
• akutní nemoc MeSH
• amenorea chemicky indukované   MeSH
• cytarabin aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• daunomycin aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• etoposid aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitoxantron aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• myeloidní leukemie farmakoterapie   chirurgie   MeSH
• protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• spermie MeSH
• transplantace kostní dřeně MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH