We explore psychometric characteristics of a modified version of the Cloninger's personality questionnaire, the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) in a 200-subject sample. This sample was stratified in accordance with the Czech population. We performed principal component analyses and explored the factorial structure of the questionnaire, to establish internal consistency of each dimension. The factorial structure of the TCI-R was well defined for temperament, but not for character. A robust factor was obtained for Persistence. All dimensions obtained higher alpha Cronbach coefficients with the TCI-R than with the TCI. There were high reliability coefficients in test-retest for TCI-R and lower for TCI/TCI-R were found. Significant correlations were obtained between age and NS, RD and SD. The TCI-R seems to have similar psychometric characteristics to TCI, with significant improvements in temperament factor structure and internal consistency of most dimensions.

• MeSH
• charakter MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• osobnostní dotazník statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• psychometrie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• temperament MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The psychometric properties of the TCI-R method were investigated in a cohort of 15-year-old adolescents (n = 787). This is the lowest recommended age for using the adult version of the method. A factor analysis of the temperament and character scales was carried out on the basis of Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation. We compared our results with a previous TCI version which was used in the pilot study of 15-year-olds (n = 171), with established norms for the Czech adolescents and adults, and in regard to gender differences. The principal component analyses for all scales with eigenvalues ≥ 1 resulted in only a 6 factor structure, in contrast to the 7 factor structure postulated by Cloninger. But the factor solution, computed separately for temperament (4F) and character (3F), approximately reflected the Cloninger's model except for the temperament subscales NS1 (Exploration Excitability), RD1 (Sentimentality) and RD4 (Dependence), which load multiple factors, and the character subscale SD 4 (Self-acceptance), which loads the Cooperativeness factor. The internal consistency of the main TCI-R scales was excellent; the Cronbach's alpha varied from .83 (NS) to .89 (HA). However, for some subscales (NS4, RD4, and CO5) the consistency was rather weak. In our research, the previous version of TCI showed less satisfying psychometric properties than TCI-R did. In terms of gender differences, girls scored higher in NS, RD, HA, CO and ST, whereas boys scored higher in PS; no statistically significant differences for SD were found. In general, our results support the Cloninger's postulated 7 factor personality structure and the appropriateness of the TCI-R usage for 15-year-old adolescents.

• MeSH
• charakter MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• osobnostní dotazník MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• temperament MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

VÝCHODISKÁ: Výskumy nepriniesli jednoznačnú podpóru vzťahu špecifickej štruktúry „osobnosti náchylnej na závislosť" (addiction-prone personality) ako rizikového faktora pre rozvoj závislosti. Opakovane sa však preukázala existencia odlišností vo vyjadrení základných osobnostných čŕt u ľudí so závislosťami. CIELE: Vo výskume sme sa zamerali na analýzu rozdielov v temperamente a charaktere závislých a kontrolnej skupiny s pomocou sedemfaktorového osobnostného dotazníka Temperament & Character Inventory-Revised (TCl-R). METÓDY A SÚBOR: 30 pacientov aktuálne podstupujúcich liečbu závislosti na alkohole na Klinike drogových závislostí Psychiatrickej nemocnice Philippa Pinela vyplnilo anamnestické údaje, TCl-R a Škálu alkoholovej závislosti (ADS). Kontrolnú vzorku (n=375) tvorila časť štandardizačného súboru slovenskej verzie TCl-R z dospelej všeobecnej populácie. VÝSLEDKY: Závislí od alkoholu dosahovali štatisticky aj vecne významne nižšie skóre v charakterovej dimenzii sebariadenie a vyššie skóre v dimenziách vyhľadávanie nového, vyhýbanie sa poškodeniu a sebapresah. Skóre v ADS pozitívne korelovalo s vyhľadávaním nového a sebapresahom. Rozdiely sme analyzovali aj na úrovni facetov. ZAVERY: Výsledky konvergovali s predchádzajúcimi výšku mami, ktoré poukazujú na špecifické zvýšenie v osobnostnej dimenzii vyhľadávanie nového u závislých, pričom v ďalších rozdieloch v skóre sa závislí podobali na iné psychiatrické skupiny. V budúcom výskume by sme sa radi zamerali na analýzu TCI-R vo vzťahu k aktuálnemu trendu dimenzionálnej diagnostiky vo všeobecnej psychopatológii a špecificky pre poruchy osobnosti.

BACKGROUND: Research into addiction-prone personalities has not proved any conclusive relationship between a specific personality structure and the possible development of addiction. However, differences in the manifestations of basic personality features in individuals with addictions have repeatedly been demonstrated. AIMS: This research focuses on the analysis of differences in temperament and character between people dependent on alcohol and a control group using the seven-factor Temperamen & Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) personality profile. METHODS AND SAMPLE: 30 patients currently undergoing alcohol addiction treatment at the Philippe Pinel Psychiatric Hospital in Pezinok provided anamnestic data and completed the TCI-R and the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS). The control sample (n=375) consisted of members of the general population randomly selected from the standardising sample of the Slovak version of the TCI-R. RESULTS: The alcohol-addicted subjects achieved lower scores (in both statistical and effect-size terms) in the Self-Directedness character dimension and higher scores n the Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Self-Transcendence dimensions. The ADS scores showed a positive correlation with Novelty Seeking and Self-Transcendence. The variations were also analysed on the facet level. CONCLUSIONS: In line with the previous research, the results ndicated a specific increase in the Novelty Seeking personality dimension in the addicts, while other score differences uggested similarity to other psychiatric groups. Further research should focus on the analysis of the TCI-R in relation o the current trend of dimensional diagnosis in general psychopathology and, specifically, in studies of personality disorders.

• MeSH
• alkoholismus * psychologie   MeSH
• charakter MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobnost klasifikace   MeSH
• osobnostní testy MeSH
• poruchy osobnosti diagnóza   MeSH
• poruchy způsobené alkoholem psychologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• temperament klasifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to explore whether the comorbidity of social phobia affects symptoms severity, positive and negative symptoms, self-stigma, hope, and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in which all participants completed the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale, Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R), and the demographic questionnaire. The disorder severity was assessed both by a psychiatrist (Clinical Global Impression Severity - the objective version [objCGI-S] scale) and by the patients (Clinical Global Impression Severity - the subjective version [subjCGI-S] scale). The patients were in a stabilized state that did not require changes in the treatment. Diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or delusional disorder was determined according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) research criteria. A structured interview by Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS: The study included 61 patients of both genders. Clinically, the patients with comorbid social phobia had the earlier onset of the illness, more severe current psychopathology, more intense anxiety (general and social), and higher severity of depressive symptoms. The patients with comorbid social phobia showed the significantly lower quality of life compared to the patients without this comorbidity. The patients with comorbid social phobia also had a statistically lower mean level of hope and experienced a higher rate of the self-stigma. They also exhibited higher average scores of personality trait harm avoidance (HA) and a lower score of personality trait self-directedness (SD). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated differences in demographic factors, the severity of the disorder, self-stigma, hope, HA, and SD between patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders with and without comorbid social phobia.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: A number of psychiatric patients experience stigma connected to prejudices about mental disorders. It has been shown that stigma is most harmful when it is internalized. Most of the studies were performed on individuals either with psychoses or with mood disorders, and hence, there are almost no studies with other diagnostic categories. The goals of this research were to identify factors that are significantly related to self-stigma in patients with anxiety disorders and to suggest possible models of causality for these relationships. METHODS: A total of 109 patients with anxiety disorders and possible comorbid depressive or personality disorders, who were admitted to the psychotherapeutic department participated in this study. All patients completed several psychodiagnostic methods, ie, the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Version, Adult Dispositional Hope Scale, Dissociative Experiences Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, and Clinical Global Impression (also completed by the senior psychiatrist). RESULTS: The overall level of self-stigma was positively associated with a comorbid personality disorder, more severe symptomatology, more intense symptoms of anxiety and depression, and higher levels of dissociation and harm avoidance. Self-stigma was negatively related to hope, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most significant factors connected to self-stigma are harm avoidance, the intensity of depressive symptoms, and self-directedness. Two models of causality were proposed and validated. It seems that the tendency to dissociate in stress increases the probability of development of self-stigma, and this relationship is entirely mediated by avoidance of harm. Conversely, self-directedness lowers the probability of occurrence of self-stigma, and this effect is partly mediated by hope. CONCLUSION: Patients with anxiety disorders accompanied with or without comorbid depressive or personality disorders may suffer from self-stigma. Individuals with greater sensitivity to rejection and other socially aversive stimuli are prone to the development of self-stigma. Other personality factors, such as hopeful thinking and self-acceptance serve as factors promoting resilience concerning self-stigma.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Úvod: Stigma duševní nemoci je komplexní psychosociální jev, který má mnoho negativních dopadů na život, včetně snížení jeho kvality. Vede k odkládání potřebné léčby, komplikuje ji a snižuje její výsledky se všemi psychosociálními dopady. Výzkum rozlišuje vnější stigmatizaci a sebestigmatizaci. Sebestigmatizace internalizuje stigmatizující postoje a vede k rozvoji maladaptivních životních strategií. Cílem práce bylo zjistit míru sebestigmatizace a její vztah k osobnostním rysům, závažnosti poruchy a demografickým faktorům u osob se schizofrenním onemocněním. Metoda: Do studie bylo zařazeno 39 ambulantních pacientů s diagnózou schizofrenie, schizoafektivní poruchy nebo trvalé poruchy s bludy, kteří byli ve stabilizovaném stavu. Všichni pacienti byli léčeni antipsychotiky K potvrzení diagnózy bylo použito strukturované interview M.I.N.I. (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Pro hodnocení sebestigmatizace byl použit sebepo-suzující dotazník ISMI (Škála internali-zovaného stigmatu psychické poruchy), pro míru naděje ADHS (Dispoziční škála naděje pro dospělé), pro hodnocení temperamentu a charakteru TCI-R (Revidovaný dotazník temperamentu a charakteru). Míra deprese byla hodnocena pomocí BDI-II (Beckův depresivní inventář) a míra úzkosti pomocí BAI (Beckův inventář úzkosti). Demografické údaje byly kompletovány pomocí demografického dotazníku. Samotná závažnost psychotické poruchy byla objektivně hodnocena pomocí CGI-O (Celkový klinický dojem-objektivní) a subjektivně pomocí CGI-S. Výsledky: Dle celkového skóre ISMI dosahovala průměrná míra sebestigmati-zace hodnoty 60,84 ? 12,24 bodu. Celkové skóre ISMI pozitivně korelovalo s celkovou závažností onemocnění v CGI-0 i CGI-S. Míra sebestigmatizace dle ISMI také pozitivně korelovala s osobnostním rysem HA (vyhýbání se ohrožení), délkou léčby a počtem hospitalizací, negativně korelovala s osobnostními rysy PS (persistence), SD (sebeřízení), CO (kooperace) a mírou naděje (dle ADHS). Mnohonásobná zpětná kroková regrese ukázala, že nejdůležitějšími nezávislými proměnnými, které se do míry sebestigmatizace promítají, jsou počet hospitalizací a míra HA (vyhýbání se ohrožení). Závěr: Ambulantní pacienti s diagnózou schizofrenního spektra s anamnézou vyššího počtu hospitalizací a rysem temperamentu Vyhýbání se ohrožení mají vysokou míru sebestigmatizace. Komplexní strategie vedoucí k redukci vyhýbavého chování a snížení počtu hospitalizací by mohla vést k snížení sebestigmatizace a jejích důsledků.

Introduction: A stigma of mental illness is a complex psychosocial phenomenon, which decreases the quality of life of the patients. It brings a number of negative psychosocial outcomes, leads to avoidance of proper treatment, and complicates the already started treatment. Often, it contributes to unsatisfactory therapeutic results. Self-stigma is based on inter-nalization of the stigmatizing beliefs. It results in a development of maladaptive coping strategies in the individuals with mental disorders. The relationship between personality traits and self-stigma has not been sufficiently scrutinized in the population of the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Thus, the goal of this paper was to explore the levels of self-stigma in this population and its relationship to personality traits, the severity of the psychotic disorder, and demographic factors. Method: Participation in the study was offered to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder), who were regularly attending a psychiatry department outpatient center and were stabilized during the study. 39 participants of both sexes participated in the study. All patients were using antipsychotics. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was performed to refine the diagnostics. The patients then completed these psychodiagnostic methods: The ISMI Scale (The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale), ADHS (The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale), and TCI-R (The Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised). The psychiatrist assessed the disorder severity by using CGI-O (The Clinical Global Impression - the objective version), and the patients completed a similar self-evaluation by using the subjective version of the scale (CGI-S). Each participant also completed BDI-II (The Beck Depression Inventory - II), measuring the severity of depressive symptoms, and BAI (The Beck Anxiety Inventory), measuring the severity of the anxiety symptoms. Results: The mean level of the self-stigma was 60.84 ? 12.24 (ISMI). The overall level of self-stigma positively correlated with the disorder severity measured by CGI-O and CGI-S. Furthermore, it was positively connected to Harm avoidance, the treatment duration, and the number of underwent psychiatric hospitalizations. The overall level of the self-stigma then significantly negatively correlated with several personality traits, namely Persistence, Self-directedness, and Cooperativeness, and with hope in ADHS. The backward stepwise regression was applied to identify the most significant factors connected to the self-stigma. The regression analysis showed Harm avoidance and the number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations as the most significant regressors. Conclusion: Outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, who show high levels of harm avoidance and/or have undergone a higher number of psychiatric hospitalizations, tend to experience more pronounced symptoms of self-stigma. Complex therapeutic strategies, aimed at reduction of the avoidant behavior and the potentially unnecessary hospitalizations, may serve as prevention against the development of the self-stigma and its negative consequences.

• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• naděje MeSH
• osobnostní dotazník MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• psychologické testy MeSH
• psychotické poruchy MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• schizofrenie * MeSH
• sebepojetí * MeSH
• sebezhodnocení (psychologie) MeSH
• stereotypizace * MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

AIM: The first objective was to conduct a comparative clinical study comparing a set of patients being treated for a GD with the norm. The second objective was to divide the group of patients being treated for gambling disorders according to the scale of Self-directedness (SD) into a group without personality disorders, a group with suspected personality disorders, and a group with personality disorders. The third objective was to find a relationship between the observed dimensions of Cloninger’s questionnaire and the severity of the problems associated with gambling. METHODS: We used the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and a standardised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-r) revised for use in the Czech Republic. SAMPLE: A total of 147 clients admitted to the Bohnice, Kroměříž, and Opava psychiatric hospitals with the Gambling Disorder diagnosis. Their average age was 34.6 years. RESULTS: Patients with a GD scored higher on the Novelty Seeking (NS) scale and lower on the Self-directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (CO), and Reward Dependence (RD) scales in the TCI-r when compared to the norm of healthy men. We identified three groups of gamblers: i) without comorbidity with PD (54.7%), ii) with a tendency to PD (32.8%), and iii) suspected of PD (12.5%). The total SOGS score correlates slightly with the Novelty Seeking (NS), Persistence (PS), Self-directedness (SD), and Self-transcendence subscales of the TCI-r. CONCLUSION: In terms of personality profile, patients with a GD are a heterogeneous group. The sample has a slightly higher prevalence of personality disorders than the general population. This comorbidity influences the course of their gambling career and potentially their treatment.