kappa-deleting recombination excision circles
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BACKGROUND: Agammaglobulinemia due to variants in IGLL1 has traditionally been considered an exceedingly rare form of severe B-cell deficiency, with only 8 documented cases in the literature. Surprisingly, the first agammaglobulinemic patient identified by newborn screening (NBS) through quantification of kappa-deleting recombination excision circles harbored variants in IGLL1. OBJECTIVE: We comprehensively reviewed clinical and immunologic findings of patients with B-cell deficiency attributed to variants in IGLL1. METHODS: NBS programs reporting the use of kappa-deleting recombination excision circle assays, the European Society for Immunodeficiencies Registry, and authors of published reports featuring patients with B-cell deficiency linked to IGLL1 variants were contacted. Only patients with (likely) pathogenic variants, reduced CD19+ counts, and no alternative diagnosis were included. RESULTS: The study included 13 patients identified through NBS, 2 clinically diagnosed patients, and 2 asymptomatic siblings. All had severely reduced CD19+ B cells (< 0.1 × 109/L) at first evaluation, yet subsequent follow-up assessments indicated residual immunoglobulin production. Specific antibody responses to vaccine antigens varied, with a predominant reduction observed during infancy. Clinical outcomes were favorable with IgG substitution. Two patients successfully discontinued substitution therapy without developing susceptibility to infections and while maintaining immunoglobulin levels. The pooled incidence of homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic IGLL1 variants identified by NBS in Austria, Czechia, and Switzerland was 1.3:100,000, almost double of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. CONCLUSION: B-cell deficiency resulting from IGLL1 variants appears to be more prevalent than initially believed. Despite markedly low B-cell counts, the clinical course in some patients may be milder than reported in the literature so far.
- MeSH
- agamaglobulinemie * genetika imunologie diagnóza MeSH
- B-lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- fenotyp * MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Těžký kombinovaný imunodeficit (SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency) představuje nejzávažnější formu primárních imunodeficiencí. Onemocnění je spojeno s hlubokou poruchou imunitních funkcí spojených s deficity T lymfocytární funkce, v některých formách se závažnými poruchami B funkce. V tomto krátkém přehledném článku předkládáme možnost vyšetření pomocí relativně jednoduchého a přímočarého testu na přítomnost naivních T, eventuálně B lymfocytů, který je možné provést ze suché kapky krve. Varianty tohoto testu, který se nazývá TREC (T cell receptor excision circles) pro T lymfocyty a KREC (kappa-deleting recombination excision circles) pro B lymfocyty, jsou ve světě užívány ke screeningovým programům k zachycení těžkých poruch imunity indikovaných k léčbě transplantací kmenových buněk krvetvorby či genovou terapií. Celoplošný novorozenecký screening SCID byl postupně zaváděn v jednotlivých státech v USA, kde v roce 2019 probíhá již ve všech státech. V Evropě screening probíhá v Norsku, v dalších zemích je ve stadiu příprav a pilotních projektů, s plánovaným startem v letech 2019 či 2020. Plně zaveden je screening v Izraeli a ve Švýcarsku. V České republice je v současné době test dostupný na dvou referenčních místech v akademických institucích pro Čechy a Moravu formou selektivního screeningu v indikovaných rizikových skupinách probandů. Test začínají nyní poskytovat i soukromé laboratorní firmy. Uvažuje se o pilotním projektu pro ověření schůdnosti novorozeneckého screeningu SCID v ČR. V tomto krátkém článku podáváme praktické informace o provádění a dostupnosti zmíněných testů v České republice. Informace je určena hlavně pediatrům, avšak nabízíme tento test k dispozici praktickým lékařům pro děti a dorost, eventuálně dalším lékařům, a zprostředkovaně rodičům dětí hlavně v rodinách, které mají pozitivní rodinnou anamnézu s podezřením na možný výskyt primární imunodeficience.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) represents the most serious form of primary immunodeficiencies. SCID is associated with a profound impairment of immune functions caused by T cell or combined T and B cell defects. In this short summary article, we present the possibility to use a relatively simple and straightforward test for the presence of naive T and/or B lymphocytes, which can be performed from a dry blood spots. Variants of this test, called TREC (T cell receptor excision circles) for T lymphocytes and KREC (kappa- -deleting recombination excision circles) for B lymphocytes, are used worldwide for screening programs for early detection and subsequent early treatment of severe immune disorders indicated for stem cell transplants or gene therapy. SCID neonatal screening is being progressively implemented in the US and in some European countries such as Norway and Switzerland. Pilot studies are underway in other countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden, France, Italy, Spain and the UK. Screening was recently fully implemented in Israel. In the Czech Republic, the test is currently available at two academic reference sites for Bohemian and Moravian regions for selective investigation in the indicated patients. Application for a pilot study is considered in a near future. In this short article, we provide practical information on the current implementation and availability of these tests in the Czech Republic. The information targets mainly pediatricians, but the test is available also to GPs for children and adolescents, possibly to other physicians, and to parents of children, mainly in families with a positive family history of suspected primary immunodeficiency.
- Klíčová slova
- test TREC, test KREC,
- MeSH
- časná diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- novorozenecký screening MeSH
- těžká kombinovaná imunodeficience * diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
UNLABELLED: DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) presents with a wide spectrum of thymic pathologies. Nationwide neonatal screening programs of lymphocyte production using T-cell recombination excision circles (TREC) have repeatedly identified patients with DGS. We tested what proportion of DGS patients could be identified at birth by combined TREC and kappa-deleting element recombination circle (KREC) screening. Furthermore, we followed TREC/KREC levels in peripheral blood (PB) to monitor postnatal changes in lymphocyte production. METHODS: TREC/KREC copies were assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and were related to the albumin control gene in dry blood spots (DBSs) from control (n = 56), severe immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID, n = 10) and DGS (n = 13) newborns. PB was evaluated in DGS children (n = 32), in diagnostic samples from SCID babies (n = 5) and in 91 controls. RESULTS: All but one DGS patient had TREC levels in the normal range at birth, albeit quantitative TREC values were significantly lower in the DGS cohort. One patient had slightly reduced KREC at birth. Postnatal DGS samples revealed reduced TREC numbers in 5 of 32 (16%) patients, whereas KREC copy numbers were similar to controls. Both TREC and KREC levels showed a more pronounced decrease with age in DGS patients than in controls (p < 0.0001 for both in a linear model). DGS patients had higher percentages of NK cells at the expense of T cells (p < 0.0001). The patients with reduced TREC levels had repeated infections in infancy and developed allergy and/or autoimmunity, but they were not strikingly different from other patients. In 12 DGS patients with paired DBS and blood samples, the TREC/KREC levels were mostly stable or increased and showed similar kinetics in respective patients. CONCLUSIONS: The combined TREC/KREC approach with correction via control gene identified 1 of 13 (8%) of DiGeorge syndrome patients at birth in our cohort. The majority of patients had TREC/KREC levels in the normal range.
- MeSH
- biotest MeSH
- DiGeorgeův syndrom diagnóza genetika imunologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kruhová DNA genetika MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- novorozenecký screening * MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- syndromy imunologické nedostatečnosti diagnóza genetika imunologie MeSH
- T-lymfocyty imunologie MeSH
- těžká kombinovaná imunodeficience diagnóza genetika imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
... That Crossing Over Causes Recombination 172 -- Chiasmata and the Time of Crossing Over 173 Chromosome ... ... Mapping 174 Crossing Over as a Measure of Genetic Distance 174 Recombination Mapping with a Two-Point ... ... Testcross 175 Recombination Mapping with a Three-Point Testcross 176 Recombination Frequency and Genetic ... ... and Evolution 183 -- Evolutionary Significance of Recombination 183 Suppression of Recombination by ... ... Synthesis Associated with Recombination 390 Human Genetics Sidelight: Tay-Sachs Disease, A Childhood ...
2nd ed. xviii, 876 s. : il.