• MeSH
• bolest MeSH
• bolesti břicha MeSH
• laparoskopie MeSH
• management bolesti MeSH
• pánevní bolest MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH

• Konspekt
• Gynekologie. Porodnictví
• NLK Obory
• gynekologie a porodnictví
• gynekologie a porodnictví

Bohemian gentian (Gentianella praecox subsp. bohemica) is an endemic taxon that occurs on the Czech Massif and together with the Sturmian gentian (Gentianella obtusifolia subsp. sturmiana) are the only autumnal species of Gentianella with large flowers in central Europe. Both species have declined dramatically in both population size and numbers of populations. The Bohemian gentian rescue programme, which recommended appropriate management measures, was adopted in 2011. Here we study the ecology of this species, results of the rescue programme and explore the possibilities of using the experience resulting from this programme for improving the viability of the second species. Long-term monitoring of populations of the Bohemian gentian has shown that regular mowing or grazing together with careful litter removal and gap creation are necessary for its survival in the current climatic conditions. We found some ecological differences between these two closely related species of Gentianella. However, our empirical experience of the largest population of the Sturmian gentian at a site where it thrives, and general evidence that gaps are crucial for the successful establishment of Gentianella seedlings, indicate that regular mowing or grazing together with careful litter removal and creation of gaps, should also be recommended as in the case of the Bohemian gentian rescue programme. Artificial gaps are especially crucial for successful seedling regeneration in oligotrophic meadows with dense vegetation, where the last Sturmian gentian populations survive.

• MeSH
• ekologie a životní prostředí - jevy * MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• Gentianella * MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We studied the effect of cessation of management on carbohydrate reserves of plants in meadows with different environmental characteristics and plant composition. We recorded storage carbohydrates and seasonal changes for 40 plant species. We asked whether there are differences in responses of carbohydrate reserves in forbs versus graminoids and in plants storing starch versus plants storing osmotically active carbohydrates. We analysed belowground organs before the meadows were mown and at the end of the vegetation season in mown versus recently abandoned plots. Whereas starch and fructans were widely distributed, raffinose family oligosaccharides were the main carbohydrate reserves of the Lamiaceae and Plantago lanceolata. Properties of carbohydrate reserves differed between forbs and graminoids but no difference was found between plants storing starch versus osmotically active carbohydrates. Graminoids had lower carbohydrate concentrations than forbs. We observed a positive effect of mowing on carbohydrate concentrations of graminoids in the dry, calcium-rich meadow and higher seasonal fluctuations of these values in the acid, wet meadow, suggesting that local factors and/or the species pool affect carbohydrate reserves. Despite local conditions, graminoids represent a distinct functional group in meadows from the point of view of their storage economy. We suggest that as well as growth, storage processes should also be considered for understanding the functioning of meadow plant communities.

• MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• hluchavkovité chemie   MeSH
• Plantago chemie   MeSH
• půda analýza   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• sacharidy analýza   MeSH
• škrob analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Background and Aims: Below-ground carbohydrate storage is considered an adaptation of plants aimed at regeneration after disturbance. A theoretical model by Iwasa and Kubo was empirically tested which predicted (1) that storage of carbohydrates scales allometrically with leaf biomass and (2) when the disturbance regime is relaxed, the ratio of storage to leaf biomass increases, as carbohydrates are not depleted by disturbance. Methods: These ideas were tested on nine herbaceous species from a temperate meadow and the disturbance regime was manipulated to create recently abandoned and mown plots. Just before mowing in June and at the end of the season in October, plants with below-ground organs were sampled. The material was used to assess the pool of total non-structural carbohydrates and leaf biomass. Key Results: In half of the cases, a mostly isometric relationship between below-ground carbohydrate storage and leaf biomass in meadow plants was found. The ratio of below-ground carbohydrate storage to leaf biomass did not change when the disturbance regime was less intensive than that for which the plants were adapted. Conclusions: These findings (isometric scaling relationship between below-ground carbohydrate storage and leaf biomass; no effect of a relaxed disturbance regime) imply that storage in herbs is probably governed by factors other than just the disturbance regime applied once in a growing season.

• MeSH
• biomasa * MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• listy rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• Magnoliopsida fyziologie   MeSH
• metabolismus sacharidů * MeSH
• pastviny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Given the initial success of hand transplantation, there has been increased interest in determining functional independence and activities of daily living after hand transplantation. However, the metrics and methodologies used to study these outcomes have not yet been standardized. The goal of this article was to assess the role of video clips in assessing the outcomes of bilateral hand transplantation. We have performed 3 bilateral hand transplantations at our institution. Video clips were taken at standardized time points on our index bilateral hand transplantation patient, and the patient sent multiple home-video clips demonstrating new aspects of function when these improvements have occurred. The index patient demonstrated functional independence and activity of daily living performance without assistance in video clips ranging from 9 months to 2.5 years posttransplantation. He completed the 9-hole peg test with his left hand at 9 months follow-up and with both the hands by 1.5 years. His own video clips demonstrated his ability to perform spontaneous tasks including lawn mowing, driving and swimming. In our experience, the video tools aid in assessing outcomes of hand transplantation and may be incorporated along with multiple objective scoring tests. They can also be used to generate additional standardized tests for functional assessment and may allow retrospective grading as new scoring systems are developed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Storage of carbohydrates in organs protected from disturbance is an important adaptation of plants in disturbed habitats. We carried out a field experiment involving 31 herbaceous plant species in two cultural meadows to find out whether roots or belowground stem-derived organs (stem bases, stem tubers and rhizomes) are the main storage organs, to study how reserves accumulate in individual organs in the long term (growing season) and to ascertain whether meadow abandonment affects the distribution of carbohydrate reserves in plants. We also conducted a 22-day pot experiment with four meadow plant species to determine how removal of roots and aboveground parts affects the use of carbohydrates stored in roots and stem-derived organs in the short term. From the long-term perspective of the field experiment, mowing had a positive effect on the concentration of carbohydrate reserves. From the short-term perspective of the pot experiment, however, the effect on concentration and pools of carbohydrates was negative. In the field experiment, carbohydrate concentrations before winter were generally higher than in mid-season, and more often higher in roots than in stem-derived organs. Roots and stem-derived organs of plants in the pot experiment were depleted similarly after both types of disturbance. Our results indicate a need for including both types of belowground plant organs in future studies of the carbon economy of plants from disturbed habitats.

• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin chemie   MeSH
• lipnicovité MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• rostliny chemie   MeSH
• sacharidy chemie   MeSH
• stonky rostlin chemie   MeSH
• uhlík MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Orchid mycorrhizal (OrM) fungi play a crucial role in the ontogeny of orchids, yet little is known about how the structure of OrM fungal communities varies with space and environmental factors. Previous studies suggest that within orchid patches, the distance to adult orchids may affect the abundance of OrM fungi. Many orchid species grow in species-rich temperate semi-natural grasslands, the persistence of which depends on moderate physical disturbances, such as grazing and mowing. The aim of this study was to test whether the diversity, structure and composition of OrM fungal community are influenced by the orchid patches and management intensity in semi-natural grasslands. We detected putative OrM fungi from 0 to 32 m away from the patches of host orchid species (Orchis militaris and Platanthera chlorantha) in 21 semi-natural calcareous grasslands using pyrosequencing. In addition, we assessed different ecological conditions in semi-natural grasslands but primarily focused on the effect of grazing intensity on OrM fungal communities in soil. We found that investigated orchid species were mostly associated with Ceratobasidiaceae and Tulasnellaceae and, to a lesser extent, with Sebacinales. Of all the examined factors, the intensity of grazing explained the largest proportion of variation in OrM fungal as well as total fungal community composition in soil. Spatial analyses showed limited evidence for spatial clustering of OrM fungi and their dependence on host orchids. Our results indicate that habitat management can shape OrM fungal communities, and the spatial distribution of these fungi appears to be weakly structured outside the orchid patches.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mykorhiza klasifikace   MeSH
• Orchidaceae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pastviny * MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Estonsko MeSH

The functional structures of communities respond to environmental changes by both species replacement (turnover) and within-species variation (intraspecific trait variability; ITV). Evidence is lacking on the relative importance of these two components, particularly in response to both short- and long-term environmental disturbance. We hypothesized that such short- and long-term perturbations would induce changes in community functional structure primarily via ITV and turnover, respectively. To test this we applied an experimental design across long-term mown and abandoned meadows, with each plot containing a further level of short-term management treatments: mowing, grazing and abandonment. Within each plot, species composition and trait values [height, shoot biomass, and specific leaf area (SLA)] were recorded on up to five individuals per species. Positive covariations between the contribution of species turnover and ITV occurred for height and shoot biomass in response to both short- and long-term management, indicating that species turnover and intraspecific adjustments selected for similar trait values. Positive covariations also occurred for SLA, but only in response to long-term management. The contributions of turnover and ITV changed depending on both the trait and management trajectory. As expected, communities responded to short-term disturbances mostly through changes in intraspecific trait variability, particularly for height and biomass. Interestingly, for SLA they responded to long-term disturbances by both species turnover and intraspecific adjustments. These findings highlight the importance of both ITV and species turnover in adjusting grassland functional trait response to environmental perturbation, and show that the response is trait specific and affected by disturbance regime history.

• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• čas MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• listy rostlin fyziologie   MeSH
• pastviny * MeSH
• životní prostředí * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Lymeská borrelióza způsobená bakterií Borrelia burgdorferi je nejčastější chorobou přenášenou klíšťaty. K přenosu dochází především během přisátí infikovaného klíštěte Ixodes scapularis. Rozvoj charakteristického exantému, jakým je erythema migrans v návaznosti na přisátí klíštěte, je jedinou klinickou známkou vedoucí k jednoznačnému diagnostickému závěru lymeské borreliózy bez laboratorních konfirmačních testů. Centrum pro kontrolu a prevenci nemocí (CDC) doporučuje protokol dvojstupňového sérologického testování, kdy se jako základní test použije enzymová imunosorpční metoda a teprve následně specifičtější Western blot ke konfirmaci diagnózy v případě, že základní sérologické testy jsou pozitivní nebo nejednoznačné. Léčba lymeské borreliózy závisí především na klinické manifestaci onemocnění. Často se v léčbě preferuje doxycyclin v perorální formě, neboť je účinný i proti ostatním patogenům přenášeným klíšťaty. Mezi preventivní opatření patří vyhýbání se oblastem s vysokým výskytem klíšťat, nošení ochranného oděvu, používání repelentů (např. diethyltoluamidu [DEET]), pravidelné tělesné prohlídky a koupele po pobytu v přírodě a úpravy krajiny (např. sečení trávy, oplocení oblastí s výskytem zvěře). V léčbě tzv. postborreliového syndromu a chronické lymeské borreliózy není konsensus, k dispozici však není ani žádná laboratorní ani klinická studie prokazující přínos prolongované antibiotické léčby.

Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common tick-borne illness. Transmission occurs primarily through the bite of an infected deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). Identification of an erythema migrans rash following a tick bite is the only clinical manifestation sufficient to make the diagnosis of Lyme disease in the absence of laboratory confirmation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a two-tier serologic testing protocol using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay initially, followed by the more specific Western blot to confirm the diagnosis when the assay samples are positive or equivocal. The treatment of Lyme disease is determined mainly by the clinical manifestations of the disease. Doxycycline is often the preferred agent for oral treatment because of its activity against other tick-borne illnesses. Preventive measures include avoiding areas with high tick burdens, wearing protective clothing, using tick repellants (e.g., diethyltoluamide [DEET]), performing frequent body checks and bathing following outdoor activities, and instituting environmental landscape modifications (e.g., grass mowing, deer exclusion fencing) to reduce the tick burden. Although there is controversy regarding treatment of post–Lyme disease syndrome and chronic Lyme disease, there is no biologic or clinical trial evidence indicating that prolonged antibiotic therapy is of benefit.

• MeSH
• antibiotická profylaxe MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky MeSH
• klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymeská nemoc diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   přenos   terapie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• primární prevence metody   MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• sérologické testy MeSH
• western blotting MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: The importance of soil biota in the composition of mature plant communities is commonly acknowledged. In contrast, the role of soil biota in the early establishment of new plant communities and their relative importance for soil abiotic conditions are still poorly understood. AIMS AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to understand the effects of soil origin and soil fungal communities on the composition of a newly established dry grassland plant community. We used soil from two different origins (dry grassland and abandoned field) with different pH and nutrient and mineral content. Grassland microcosms were established by sowing seeds of 54 species of dry grassland plants into the studied soils. To suppress soil fungi, half of the pots were regularly treated with fungicide. In this way, we studied the independent and combined effects of soil origin and soil community on the establishment of dry grassland communities. KEY RESULTS: The effect of suppressing the soil fungal community on the richness and composition of the plant communities was much stronger than the effect of soil origin. Contrary to our expectations, the effects of these two factors were largely additive, indicating the same degree of importance of soil fungal communities in the establishment of species-rich plant communities in the soils from both origins. The negative effect of suppressing soil fungi on species richness, however, occurred later in the soil from the abandoned field than in the soil from the grassland. This result likely occurred because the negative effects of the suppression of fungi in the field soil were caused mainly by changes in plant community composition and increased competition. In contrast, in the grassland soil, the absence of soil fungi was limiting for plants already at the early stages of their establishment, i.e., in the phases of germination and early recruitment. While fungicide affects not only arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but also other biota, our data indicate that changes in the AMF communities are the most likely drivers of the observed changes. The effects of other soil biota, however, cannot be fully excluded. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the availability of soil fungi may not be the most important limiting factor for the establishment of grassland species in abandoned fields if we manage to reduce the intensity of competition at these sites e.g., by mowing or grazing.

• MeSH
• mikrobiální společenstva fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• pastviny * MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH