phycotoxin
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Fykotoxiny mořského původu jsou produkovány toxigenními řasami a sinicemi, které představují obvyklou potravu pro řadu mořských živočichů, kteří se pak sami stávají toxickými. V posledních letech jsou předmětem zvýšeného zájmu, zejména proto, že se cestou potravního řetězce dostávají do výrobků z mořských živočichů, a tak působí u lidí onemocnění, která jsou vzhledem k současným znalostem obtížně léčitelná. Riziko onemocnění způsobeného toxigenními řasami a sinicemi vzrůstá vzhledem ke zvýšené migraci obyvatelstva i vzhledem k vysílání vojenských misí do nestabilních oblastí světa. Takové aktivity mohou vyvolat rozsáhlá zdravotní poškození somatického i psychického rázu. Jsou nastíněny možnosti a význam preventivních opatření, jejich dodržování, zvláště pro vojenské mise.
The marine microalgae producing the phycotoxins are common food for many marine animals which then themselves become toxic. In the recent years an enhanced attention has been paid to the phycotoxins because they penetrate into the fishery products through feed chains and they can cause intoxication in humans the therapy of which is very difficult. The danger concerning toxigenic microalgae is growing as a consequence of the enhanced migration of population and military missions into unstable regions of the world. These activities can cause severe health impairment of somatic and psychological character. The possibilities and importance of preventive measures and their observance are outlined particularly for military missions.
- MeSH
- ciguatoxiny izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- ethery cyklické izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- Eukaryota chemie patogenita MeSH
- fytoplankton chemie patogenita MeSH
- jedy měkkýšů izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- kyselina okadaová izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- měkkýši, korýši toxicita MeSH
- mořské toxiny analýza chemie toxicita MeSH
- potrava z moře (živočišná) škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- prolin analogy a deriváty toxicita MeSH
- saxitoxin izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- sinice chemie patogenita MeSH
- spirosloučeniny izolace a purifikace toxicita MeSH
- tetrodotoxin izolace a purifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
578 s. : il. ; 27 cm
Journal of applied microbiology, ISSN 0267-4440 Supplement Vol. 84. 27
160S s. : il. ; 28 cm
Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.
- MeSH
- analýza potravin MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mořské toxiny MeSH
- mykotoxiny * MeSH
- referenční standardy MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Calibrated adsorption-based passive samplers were used for time-integrative monitoring of microcystins (MCs) in three full-scale drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the Czech Republic during two vegetation seasons (Jun-Nov), in parallel with traditional discrete sampling. MCs were detected in epilimnetic water samples at concentrations up to 14 μg/L, but their levels in raw water in DWTPs were below 1 μg/L WHO guideline value for drinking water. Conventional treatment technologies (coagulation/filtration) eliminated cyanobacteria and intracellular toxins but had a limited removal efficiency for extracellular toxins. MCs were regularly detected in final treated water, especially in DWTPs equipped only with the conventional treatment, but their concentrations were below the quantitation limit of discrete sampling (<25 ng/L). Passive samplers in combination with LC-MS/MS analysis provided excellent sensitivity allowing to detect time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of MCs as low as 20-200 pg/L after 14-d deployment. Median MC TWA concentrations in the treated water from the individual DWTPs were 1-12 ng/L, and most likely did not present significant health risks. Passive samplers well reflected spatiotemporal variations of MCs, actual concentrations of extracellular toxins, MC removal efficiency in DWTPs, and toxin concentrations in the treated water. Passive sampling can be effectively used for assessment and management of MC health risks during DWTP operation.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny MeSH
- chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
- čištění vody * MeSH
- mikrocystiny MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- mořské toxiny MeSH
- pitná voda * MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Předmětem sdělení je případ 21leté ženy, u které jsme při hospitalizaci na kožní klinice stanovili v našich podmínkách vzácnou diagnózu „Seabather´s eruption“, která je považována za hypersenzitivní kožní reakci na žahavé buňky larválních forem mořských živočichů. Popisována je diferenciální diagnóza a hlavní klinické a histopatologické rysy onemocnění.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kožní leukocytoklastická vaskulitida diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mořské toxiny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
In the present study, we have evaluated the effectiveness of a passive sampler for polar organic chemicals to accumulate a group of widespread and hazardous tumor-promoting toxins produced in cyanobacterial water blooms-microcystins (MC). The previously optimized configuration of the sampler based on polycarbonate membrane and Oasis HLB sorbent (2.75 mg/cm(2)) was validated under various exposure scenarios in laboratory and field. Calibration of the passive sampler conducted under variable conditions and concentrations of MC revealed linearity of the sampling up to 4 weeks. The sampling rates of microcystins for two different exposure scenarios were derived (e.g., MC-LR: R (s) = 0.017 L/day under static and 0.087 L/d under turbulent conditions). R (s) values were further used for calculations of time-weighted average concentrations in natural water. Improved sensitivity and selectivity of the in-house-made sampler was observed in comparison with the commercially available Polar Organic Compound Integrative Sampler (POCIS). Comparisons of grab and passive sampling methods were performed during cyanobacterial water bloom season in the Brno reservoir, Czech Republic in 2008. Data obtained by passive sampling provided a more relevant picture of the situation and enabled better assessment of potential risks. The present study demonstrated that the modification of POCIS is suitable for monitoring of occurrence and retrospective estimations of microcystin water concentrations, especially with respect to the control of drinking water quality.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- membrány umělé MeSH
- mikrocystiny izolace a purifikace MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení MeSH
- mořské toxiny izolace a purifikace MeSH
- sinice chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Anthropogenic eutrophication of freshwater bodies increases the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is detected in the environment with increasing frequency, driving the scientific effort to assess emerging health risks from CYN-producing blooms. Oral exposure to CYN results primarily in hepatotoxicity. Nevertheless, extrahepatic manifestations of CYN toxicity have been reported. Furthermore, cyanotoxins have been detected in aerosols and dust particles, suggesting potential toxic effects in the respiratory tract. To assess the susceptibility of airway epithelia towards cyanotoxins, monolayers of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells HBE1 and 16HBE14o- were exposed to a concentration range of 0.1-10 μM CYN. Cytotoxic endpoints were assessed as morphologic alterations, resazurin reduction capacity, esterase activity, neutral red uptake, and by impedimetric real-time cell analysis. Depending on the endpoint assessed, EC50 values ranged between 0.7 and 1.8 μM (HBE1) and 1.6-4.8 μM (16HBE14o-). To evaluate alterations of other cellular events by subcytotoxic concentration of CYN (1 μM), phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK and p38 was determined. Only a slight increase in p38 phosphorylation was induced by CYN in HBE1 cell line after 48 h, while activities of both ERK1/2 and p38 gradually and significantly increased in 16HBE14o- cells during 8-48 h exposure. This study suggests possible hazards of inhalation CYN exposures, which may severely impact the integrity of airway epithelia and epithelial cell signaling. Further research of CYN-induced toxicity and underlying mechanisms is needed, as well as more data on environmental concentrations of cyanotoxins in aerosols for exposure assessment.
- MeSH
- bakteriální toxiny farmakologie MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- dýchací soustava cytologie MeSH
- epitelové buňky účinky léků MeSH
- eutrofizace * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrocystiny farmakologie MeSH
- mořské toxiny farmakologie MeSH
- uracil analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
