Nitric oxide (NO) stimulated the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiated Chlorella pyrenoidosa. It also boosted the activity of nitrogen-metabolism enzymes such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, which were inhibited by UV-B irradiation. The chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm) of the UV-B irradiated algae and decreased continuously after the cells were transferred to UV-B irradiation. A continuing decrease of the Fv/Fm was observed even after the cells were transferred to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). After adaptation for 8 h under PAR (after treatment with nitric oxide), Fv/Fm recovered to 55 % of normal levels--without NO the value approached zero. Exogenous NO stopped the decay of chlorophyll and thylakoid membrane in cells exposed to UV-B irradiation. NO plays probably a key role in damage induced by UV-B irradiation in green algae.

• MeSH
• bílkoviny řas metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná membrána enzymologie   MeSH
• Chlorella fyziologie   účinky záření   MeSH
• enzymy metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý fyziologie   MeSH
• systémy druhého messengeru * MeSH
• ultrafialové záření * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bílkoviny řas MeSH
• enzymy MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH

One-week-old breast-fed miniature piglets were orally infected either with virulent LT2 strain or with a non-virulent SF1591 rough mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium for 1 d. Both microorganisms were cultivated from mesenteric lymph nodes but not from the blood of infected piglets. Interleukins (IL) 1 beta, 8, 18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) were quantified by ELISA in plasma and washes of a terminal part of the small bowel. In plasma, cytokines were mostly missing in non-infected piglets and either missing or low in infected piglets. In the gut of non-infected piglets, IL-1 beta, IL-8 and IL-18 were detected whereas TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were mostly missing. IFN-gamma levels highly increased (p < 0.05) after infection with nonvirulent salmonellae. The variability of cytokine levels in the gut of suckling piglets is discussed.

• MeSH
• cytokiny krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie veterinární   MeSH
• ELISA veterinární   MeSH
• gastrointestinální nemoci imunologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• ileum imunologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• lymfatické uzliny imunologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• miniaturní prasata MeSH
• nemoci prasat imunologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium růst a vývoj   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH

The effect of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-320 nm) on induction of nitric oxide was estimated in the suspensions of green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa with or without the NO scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and reductants such as 1,4-dithiothreitol, glutathione (reduced form), and ascorbic acid. Exogenously added sodium nitroprusside (NO donor), glutathione, 1,4-dithiothreitol, and ascorbic acid were able to prevent chlorophyll loss mediated by UV-B. Addition of NO to algal suspensions irradiated by UV-B increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase but lowered the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. UV-B thus appears to be a strong inducer of NO production, exogenously added NO and reductants protecting the green alga against UV-B-induced oxidative damage.

• MeSH
• acetylcystein farmakologie   MeSH
• Chlorella enzymologie   metabolismus   účinky záření   MeSH
• chlorofyl metabolismus   MeSH
• dithiothreitol farmakologie   MeSH
• fenylalaninamoniaklyasa metabolismus   MeSH
• glutathion farmakologie   MeSH
• katalasa metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina askorbová farmakologie   MeSH
• nitroprusid farmakologie   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý biosyntéza   MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa metabolismus   MeSH
• ultrafialové záření škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylcystein MeSH
• chlorofyl MeSH
• dithiothreitol MeSH
• fenylalaninamoniaklyasa MeSH
• glutathion MeSH
• katalasa MeSH
• kyselina askorbová MeSH
• nitroprusid MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• superoxiddismutasa MeSH

The effects of cAMP-elevating agents, N6-2'-O-dibutyryl cAMP (Bu2cAMP), and glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) on the production of inflammatory mediators--nitric oxide and interleukin-12 (IL-12) and anti-inflammatory mediator interleukin-10 (IL-10) were demonstrated in murine peritoneal macrophages. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and iNOS mRNA were detected by northern blot and western blot, respectively. The cAMP elevating agents Bu2cAMP and prostaglandin E2 each alone did not show any effect on NO production but along with IFN-gamma and lipolysaccharide (LPS) they slightly enhanced NO production. Dexamethasone inhibited NO production in IFN-gamma- and LPS-treated cells; cAMP elevating agents interfered with the NO production inhibited by dexamethasone. Inhibition was revealed at the mRNA level as well as at protein level. Bu2cAMP or dexamethasone either alone or synergistically inhibited IL-12 production; Bu2cAMP interfered with dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of IL-10 production in IFN-gamma- and LPS-treated macrophages. The use of glucocorticoids along with cAMP elevating agents was beneficial in lowering the level of inflammatory mediator IL-12 and producing high levels of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 active in cell protection. On the other hand, interference of Bu2cAMP with dexamethasone-mediated NO inhibition may have adverse effect. Therefore, adverse effects due to cAMP-mediated interference (inhibition) with NO synthesis may occur in many inflammatory diseases during combined drug therapy by glucocorticoids and cAMP elevating agents.

• MeSH
• aktivace makrofágů účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• AMP cyklický metabolismus   MeSH
• antiflogistika farmakologie   MeSH
• dexamethason farmakologie   MeSH
• dibutyryl cyklický AMP farmakologie   MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• interferon gama farmakologie   MeSH
• interleukin-10 biosyntéza   MeSH
• interleukin-12 biosyntéza   MeSH
• lipopolysacharidy farmakologie   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• northern blotting MeSH
• oxid dusnatý biosyntéza   MeSH
• peritoneální makrofágy účinky léků   enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• RNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ II MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• western blotting MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• AMP cyklický MeSH
• antiflogistika MeSH
• dexamethason MeSH
• dibutyryl cyklický AMP MeSH
• interferon gama MeSH
• interleukin-10 MeSH
• interleukin-12 MeSH
• lipopolysacharidy MeSH
• Nos2 protein, mouse MeSH Prohlížeč
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ II MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého MeSH

The efficacy of combination therapy with methotrexate (MTX) and probiotic bacteria Enterococcus faecium enriched with organic selenium (EFSe) in rats with adjuvant arthritis was determined. Rats with adjuvant arthritis were given MTX (0.3 mg/kg 2-times weekly, orally); lyophilized E. faecium enriched with Se (15 mg/kg, 5 d per week, orally); and a combination of MTX plus EFSe for a period of 50 d from the immunization. Levels of serum albumin, serum nitrite/nitrate concentrations, changes in hind paw swelling, arthrogram score, bone erosions, whole body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were assayed in the rats as variables of inflammation and destructive arthritis-associated changes. Treatment with MTX and with the combination MTX + EFSe significantly inhibited markers of both inflammation and arthritis. Significant differences in favor of combination therapy with MTX + EFSe as compared to MTX alone were seen in serum albumin concentration, hind paw swelling and arthrogram score. Reductions in radiographic scores were also more pronounced in the combination therapy group. Combination therapy, but not MTX alone, inhibited the reduction of BMD and BMC; treatment with lyophilized EFSe alone had no significant effect on adjuvant arthritis in rats. The potent therapeutic effect of low dosage MTX therapy in combination with lyophilized EFSe on adjuvant arthritis in rats was shown.

• MeSH
• antirevmatika aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• artritida experimentální terapie   MeSH
• dusičnany krev   MeSH
• dusitany krev   MeSH
• Enterococcus faecium * MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
• kostní denzita MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• methotrexát aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• noha (od hlezna dolů) patologie   MeSH
• potkani inbrední LEW MeSH
• probiotika aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• revmatoidní artritida terapie   MeSH
• selen aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antirevmatika MeSH
• dusičnany MeSH
• dusitany MeSH
• methotrexát MeSH
• selen MeSH

The effect of orally or intraperitoneally administered particulate 1,3-beta-D-glucan (PBG), carboxymethylglucan (CMG) or sulfoethylglucan (SEG), obtained from the culture filtrate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on the functions of murine peritoneal adherent cells (PC) (peroxidase activity, nitric oxide synthesis), on relative organ mass and on proliferation of splenocytes was determined. The modulating activities after parenteral and non-parenteral administration of these polysaccharides were compared. Significant enhancement of NO production was observed only after in vitro cultivation of PC in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in groups of mice treated repeatedly orally with CMG, PBG and SEG at a dose of 50 mg/kg body mass. Peroxidase activity increased significantly after repeated oral administration of CMG and PBG at doses 150 and 50 mg/kg, SEG 150 mg/kg body mass. The peroxidase activity and NO synthesis in mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of glucans (15 mg/kg body mass) were slightly higher than those after oral administration. Neither a significant enhancement of relative organ mass nor enhancement of the proliferative response of splenocytes to in vitro added stimuli (LPS, phytohemagglutinin) after repeated oral or single intraperitoneal administration of beta-glucans was observed.

• MeSH
• aktivace enzymů účinky léků   MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• beta-glukany * MeSH
• buněčné dělení MeSH
• glukany farmakologie   MeSH
• injekce intraperitoneální MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lipopolysacharidy MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši imunologie   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý biosyntéza   MeSH
• peritoneální makrofágy účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• peroxidasa metabolismus   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH
• slezina účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-1,3-glucan MeSH Prohlížeč
• beta-glukany * MeSH
• glukany MeSH
• lipopolysacharidy MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• peroxidasa MeSH

Intraamniotic infections caused by viruses, bacteria or mycoplasmas are frequently followed by damage of fetus or increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Cytokines are key substances regulating a number of biological processes including reproductive and inflammatory processes. An association between intraamniotic infections, rising concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in amniotic fluid and preterm labor is suggested. A great effort is made to find reliable markers typical for intraamniotic infections with high predictive value that make possible prompt identification of patients with intraamniotic infection. This review concerns inflammatory mediators, especially IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and other important biologically active substances as prostaglandins and NO metabolites and their roles in intraamniotic infections. Finally, we discuss their relevance for diagnosis of intraamniotic infections.

• MeSH
• amnion * imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• cytokiny analýza   fyziologie   MeSH
• gestační stáří MeSH
• infekční komplikace v těhotenství imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mediátory zánětu analýza   fyziologie   MeSH
• plodová voda imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cytokiny MeSH
• mediátory zánětu MeSH