This work focuses on profiling N-linked glycans by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry using a novel fluorescent and mass spectrometry (MS) active derivatization tag. The label is based on 2-phenylpyridine bearing tertiary amine and hydrazide functionalities. It provides efficient labeling via hydrazone formation chemistry, promising fluorescence properties, and ionization efficiency in the positive ion MS mode. Electrophoretic analysis in a neutral-coated capillary allowed baseline separation of maltooligosaccharides with limits of detection in nanomolar concentrations. The developed labeling method was successfully applied to the analyses of N-linked glycans released from several glycoproteins such as bovine ribonuclease B, human immunoglobulin G, or chicken albumin.

• Klíčová slova
• Capillary electrophoresis, Glycans, Labeling, Mass spectrometry, Oligosaccharides, Phenylpyridine,
• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární * metody   MeSH
• glykoproteiny analýza   chemie   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie * metody   MeSH
• imunoglobulin G chemie   analýza   MeSH
• kationty chemie   MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polysacharidy * analýza   chemie   MeSH
• pyridiny * chemie   MeSH
• ribonukleasy MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glykoproteiny MeSH
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• kationty MeSH
• polysacharidy * MeSH
• pyridiny * MeSH
• ribonuclease B MeSH Prohlížeč
• ribonukleasy MeSH

The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC, ANT), a member of the SLC25 family of solute carriers, plays a critical role in transporting purine nucleotides (ATP and ADP) as well as protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the precise mechanism and physiological significance of proton transport by ADP/ATP carrier remain unclear. Notably, the presence of uncouplers-such as long-chain fatty acids (FA) or artificial compounds like dinitrophenol (DNP)-is essential for this process. We explore two potential mechanisms that describe ADP/ATP carrier as either (i) a proton carrier that functions in the presence of FA or DNP, or (ii) an anion transporter (FA- or DNP). In the latter case, the proton is translocated by the neutral form of FA, which carries it from the matrix to the intermembrane space (FA-cycling hypothesis). Our recent results support this hypothesis. We describe a four-step mechanism for the "sliding" of the FA anion from the matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and discuss a possible generalization of this mechanism to other SLC25 carriers.

• Klíčová slova
• MD simulations, bilayer lipid membranes, membrane proteins, mitochondrial transporter, reconstituted protein, uncoupling protein,
• MeSH
• 2,4-dinitrofenol farmakologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• iontový transport MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mastné kyseliny metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondriální ADP/ATP-translokasy * metabolismus   chemie   MeSH
• mitochondriální membrány metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• protony * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2,4-dinitrofenol MeSH
• mastné kyseliny MeSH
• mitochondriální ADP/ATP-translokasy * MeSH
• protony * MeSH

Recent studies have shown that stem fluxes, although highly variable among trees, can alter the strength of the methane (CH4) sink or nitrous oxide (N2O) source in some forests, but the patterns and magnitudes of these fluxes remain unclear. This study investigated the drivers of subdaily and seasonal variations in stem and soil CH4, N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes. CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes were measured continuously for 19 months in individual stems of two tree species, Eperua falcata (Aubl.) and Lecythis poiteaui (O. Berg), and surrounding soils using an automated chamber system in an upland tropical forest. Subdaily variations in these fluxes were related to environmental and stem physiological (sap flow and stem diameter variations) measurements under contrasting soil water conditions. The results showed that physiological and climatic drivers only partially explained the subdaily flux variations. Stem CH4 and CO2 emissions and N2O uptake varied with soil water content, time of day and between individuals. Stem fluxes decoupled from soil fluxes. Our study contributes to understanding the regulation of stem greenhouse gas fluxes. It suggests that additional variables (e.g. internal gas concentrations, wood-colonising microorganisms, wood density and anatomy) may account for the remaining unexplained variability in stem fluxes, highlighting the need for further studies.

• Klíčová slova
• carbon dioxide, flux, methane, nitrous oxide, soil, subdaily variations, tree stem, upland tropical forest,
• MeSH
• methan * metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusný * metabolismus   analýza   MeSH
• oxid uhličitý * metabolismus   MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• stonky rostlin * metabolismus   MeSH
• stromy * fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• tropické klima * MeSH
• voda metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methan * MeSH
• oxid dusný * MeSH
• oxid uhličitý * MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• voda MeSH

Plasma-activated water (PAW) has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, making it a promising tool for surface decontamination. This study evaluated the ability of PAW generated from high voltage atmospheric cold plasma to remove Salmonella from common surfaces (stainless steel (SS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), concrete, and wood) found in poultry houses. PAW was generated by exposing distilled water to atmospheric cold plasma in 80% humid air at 90 kV and 60 Hz for 30 min. The resulting PAW contained 1120 ppm of nitrate and 1370 ppm of hydrogen peroxide, with a pH of 1.83. PAW was then applied to coupons of SS, PVC, wood, and concrete surfaces inoculated with 7-8 log10 CFU of cocktail of Salmonella spp. (S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Montevideo, and S. Enteritidis). PAW effectively reduced Salmonella levels on SS and PVC surfaces to below the detection limit within 30 s. On wood surfaces, a longer treatment time of 7.5 min was required to achieve a maximum reduction of 2.63 log10 CFU, likely due to the porosity of the wood limiting PAW contact with the bacteria. On concrete surfaces, the reduction in Salmonella levels was only 0.98 log10 CFU. This was likely due to the greater surface roughness and high alkalinity, which neutralized the PAW species.

• Klíčová slova
• Cold plasma, Decontamination, Plasma-activated water, Poultry house, Salmonella spp,
• MeSH
• bydlení zvířat * MeSH
• dekontaminace * metody   MeSH
• dezinficiencia farmakologie   MeSH
• dřevo mikrobiologie   chemie   MeSH
• drůbež * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• konstrukční materiály mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nerezavějící ocel MeSH
• peroxid vodíku farmakologie   MeSH
• plazmové plyny * farmakologie   MeSH
• počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
• polyvinylchlorid chemie   MeSH
• Salmonella * růst a vývoj   MeSH
• voda * chemie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dezinficiencia MeSH
• nerezavějící ocel MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• plazmové plyny * MeSH
• polyvinylchlorid MeSH
• voda * MeSH

Understanding mechanisms driving tropical tree growth is essential for comprehending carbon sequestration and predicting the future of tropical forests amid rapid deforestation. We conducted a natural experiment in Mount Cameroon to identify climatic factors limiting diurnal and seasonal growth in dominant tree species across a 2200-m elevation gradient, from lowland rainforests to montane mist forests with distinct wet and dry seasons. Using high-precision automatic dendrometers, we recorded radial growth rates of 28 tropical tree species from 2015 to 2018, correlating them with rainfall (11 100-2500 mm) and temperatures (23-14°C) across elevations. Significant growth limitations were suggested at both extremes of water availability. Tree growth peaked during the dry and prewet seasons at humid lower elevations and during wet seasons at drier higher elevations. Growth rates increased with soil moisture at higher elevations and peaked at medium soil moisture at lower elevations. Trees grew fastest at lower temperatures relative to their elevation-specific means, with growth limited by high daytime temperatures and promoted by nighttime temperatures. Our results revealed significant interspecific diurnal and seasonal growth variations hindered by both water scarcity and excess in West African rainforests, essential for forecasting and modelling carbon sinks.

• Klíčová slova
• dendrometer, forest, growth dynamics, limitation, soil moisture, temperature, tropics,
• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• déšť MeSH
• deštný prales MeSH
• nadmořská výška * MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• roční období * MeSH
• stonky rostlin růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• stromy * růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• tropické klima MeSH
• voda metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kamerun MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH
• voda MeSH

Artificial anion transporters offer a potential way to treat deficiencies in cellular anion transport of genetic origins. In contrast to the large variety of mobile anion carriers and self-assembled anion channels reported, unimolecular anion channels are less investigated. Herein, we present a unique example of a unimolecular anion channel based on a bambusuril (BU) macrocycle, a well-established anion receptor. The BU structure was expanded by appending various bile acid residues allowing a single molecule to span the membrane. Chloride transport mediated by BUs through lipid bilayers was investigated in liposomes and these studies revealed a surprisingly high dependence of the anion transport activity on the cholesterol content in the liposomal membrane.

• Klíčová slova
• Anion Channels, Anion transport, Bambusurils, Macrocycles, Supramolecular Chemistry,
• MeSH
• anionty * chemie   MeSH
• cholesterol * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• iontový transport MeSH
• lipidové dvojvrstvy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• liposomy chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• žlučové kyseliny a soli * chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• anionty * MeSH
• cholesterol * MeSH
• lipidové dvojvrstvy MeSH
• liposomy MeSH
• žlučové kyseliny a soli * MeSH

Silymarin is an extract obtained from the seeds of milk thistle (Sylibum marianum L., Asteraceae) and contains several structurally related flavonolignans and a small family of flavonoids. Mouse spleen cells represent highly sensitive primary cells suitable for studying the pharmacological potential and biofunctional properties of natural substances. Cultivation of splenocytes for 24 h under standard culture conditions (humidity, 37 °C, 5% CO2, atmospheric oxygen) resulted in decreased viability of splenocytes compared to intact cells. A cytoprotective effect of silybin (SB), silychristin (SCH) and 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHSB) was observed at concentrations as low as 5 µmol/ml. At 50 µmol/ml, these substances restored and/or stimulated viability and mitochondrial membrane potential and had anti-apoptotic effect in the order SB > DHSB > SCH. The substances demonstrated a concentration-dependent activity in restoring the redox balance based on the changes in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide. This was in the order DHSB > SCH > SB, which correlated with the suppressed expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), catalase and glutathione peroxidase. The strong stimulation of the superoxide dismutase 1 gene converting ROS to H2O2 points to its dominant role in the maintaining redox homeostasis in splenocytes, which was disrupted by oxidative stress due to non-physiological culture conditions. Our study showed significant differences in the cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of SB, SCH, and DHSB on splenocytes exposed to mild and AAPH-induced oxidative stress.

• Klíčová slova
• 2,3-dehydrosilybin, Apoptosis, Mouse splenocytes, Redox balance, Silybin, Silychristin, Viability,
• MeSH
• antioxidancia * farmakologie   MeSH
• apoptóza * účinky léků   MeSH
• cytoprotekce účinky léků   MeSH
• membránový potenciál mitochondrií účinky léků   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• oxidační stres účinky léků   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• silibinin * farmakologie   MeSH
• silymarin * farmakologie   MeSH
• slezina * cytologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• viabilita buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antioxidancia * MeSH
• peroxid vodíku MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• silibinin * MeSH
• silychristin MeSH Prohlížeč
• silymarin * MeSH

Polymyxins, critical last-resort antibiotics, impact the distribution of membrane-bound divalent cations in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. We employed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to model the effect of displacing these ions. Two polymyxin-sensitive and two polymyxin-resistant models of the outer membrane of Salmonella enterica were investigated. First, we found that the removal of all calcium ions induces global stress on the model membranes, leading to substantial membrane restructuring. Next, we used enhanced sampling methods to explore the effects of localized stress by displacing membrane-bound ions. Our findings indicate that creating defects in the membrane-bound ion network facilitates polymyxin permeation. Additionally, our study of polymyxin-resistant mutations revealed that divalent ions in resistant model membranes are less likely to be displaced, potentially contributing to the increased resistance associated with these mutations. Lastly, we compared results from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations with coarse-grained simulations, demonstrating that the choice of force field significantly influences the behavior of membrane-bound ions under stress.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakologie   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• buněčná membrána metabolismus   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakterie účinky léků   MeSH
• kationty dvojmocné metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• polymyxiny * farmakologie   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Salmonella enterica účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• simulace molekulární dynamiky * MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   MeSH
• vnější bakteriální membrána metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky * MeSH
• kationty dvojmocné MeSH
• polymyxiny * MeSH
• vápník MeSH

Nutrient and water limitations contribute to yield losses in semi-arid regions. Therefore, crop rotations incorporating nitrogen-fixing legumes and drought-tolerant sorghum varieties offer a strategy to improve the utilization of scarce soil resources. Under semi-arid, field-like conditions, sorghum crop rotations with either cowpea pre-crop or fallow, including two early and three late maturing genotypes, were tested to identify stress adaptation traits of sorghum to water and phosphorus limitations. Morphological and physiological parameters were evaluated on a single-plant basis. Lower soil P content significantly delayed flowering compared to higher P levels. However, improved P availability arising from pre-crop residues reduced this effect. Mycorrhizal infection rates and root-to-shoot ratios were positively correlated with panicle N and P content at anthesis under low P conditions. Although drought significantly impacted yield, early maturing genotypes with the highest reduction in shoot biomass and reduced water use before flowering, could sustain yield production. Early-maturing genotypes characterized by high root-to-shoot ratios, rapid AMF establishment, and reduced water use before flowering exhibit a strong potential for maintaining yield and biomass production on nutrient-poor soils in semi-arid regions. Such genotypes conserve water before flowering and thus can alleviate post-flowering water stress, ensuring adequate P uptake despite low soil P availability.

• Klíčová slova
• Drought, Multiple resource limitations, Phosphorus, Plant phenological development, Sorghum, Water use,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• dusík metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfor * metabolismus   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• období sucha * MeSH
• půda * chemie   MeSH
• Sorghum * metabolismus   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• voda * metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dusík MeSH
• fosfor * MeSH
• půda * MeSH
• voda * MeSH

Oral supplementation of sodium, potassium and phosphate ions in extemporaneous preparation The article deals with the possibilities of oral supplementation of three selected ions - sodium, potassium and phosphate, by means of individually prepared medicines. It forms an overview of the most frequently used extemporaneous prescriptions in the University Hospital in Motol. It deals with the description of available raw materials and theoretical characteristics of ions. For selected formulations, the amount of ions is given in both mass and molar terms. The formulas reflect the need for ion supplementation in appropriate doses and appropriate dosage form according to the individual needs of patients.

• Klíčová slova
• individual drug formulation, ions, extemporaneous preparation, supplementation, sodium, potassium, phosphorus,
• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• draslík * MeSH
• fosfáty * chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• příprava léků MeSH
• sodík * chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• draslík * MeSH
• fosfáty * MeSH
• sodík * MeSH