BACKGROUND: Although the scientific literature regarding sports genomics has grown during the last decade, some genes, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), have not been fully described in terms of their role in achieving extraordinary sports performance. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to determine which elite sports performance constraints are positively influenced by PPARs and their coactivators. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used, with a combination of PPAR and sports keywords. RESULTS: In total, 27 studies that referred to PPARs in elite athletes were included, where the Ala allele in PPARG rs1801282 was associated with strength and power elite athlete status in comparison to subelite athlete status. The C allele in PPARA rs4253778 was associated with soccer, and the G allele PPARA rs4253778 was associated with endurance elite athlete status. Other elite status endurance alleles were the Gly allele in PPARGC1A rs8192678 and the C allele PPARD rs2016520. CONCLUSIONS: PPARs can be used for estimating the potential to achieve elite status in human physical performance in strength and power, team, and aerobic sports disciplines. Carrying specific PPAR alleles can provide a partial benefit to achieving elite sports status, but does not preclude achieving elite status if they are absent.

• Klíčová slova
• PPAR, adaptation, aerobic training, anaerobic training, endurance training, genetic predisposition, human performance, muscle fibers, power, strength training,
• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• PPAR alfa genetika   MeSH
• PPAR gama genetika   MeSH
• PPARGC1A genetika   MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• sportovní výkon MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• PPAR alfa MeSH
• PPAR gama MeSH
• PPARGC1A MeSH

BACKGROUND: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARA, PPARG, PPARD) and their transcriptional coactivators' (PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B) gene polymorphisms have been associated with muscle morphology, oxygen uptake, power output and endurance performance. The purpose of this review is to determine whether the PPARs and/or their coactivators' polymorphisms can predict the training response to specific training stimuli. METHODS: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses, a literature review has been run for a combination of PPARs and physical activity key words. RESULTS: All ten of the included studies were performed using aerobic training in general, sedentary or elderly populations from 21 to 75 years of age. The non-responders for aerobic training (VO₂peak increase, slow muscle fiber increase and low-density lipoprotein decrease) are the carriers of PPARGC1A rs8192678 Ser/Ser. The negative responders for aerobic training (decrease in VO₂peak) are carriers of the PPARD rs2267668 G allele. The negative responders for aerobic training (decreased glucose tolerance and insulin response) are subjects with the PPARG rs1801282 Pro/Pro genotype. The best responders to aerobic training are PPARGC1A rs8192678 Gly/Gly, PPARD rs1053049 TT, PPARD rs2267668 AA and PPARG rs1801282 Ala carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The human response for aerobic training is significantly influenced by PPARs' gene polymorphism and their coactivators, where aerobic training can negatively influence glucose metabolism and VO₂peak in some genetically-predisposed individuals.

• Klíčová slova
• VO2max, VO2peak, aerobic training, anaerobic threshold, cholesterol levels, genetic predisposition, glucose tolerance, human performance, insulin response, mitochondria activity, muscle fibers,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• kondiční příprava * MeSH
• kosterní svaly metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• PPARGC1A genetika   MeSH
• proteiny vázající RNA MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů genetika   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
• transportní proteiny genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Názvy látek
• PPARGC1A protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• PPARGC1A MeSH
• PPARGC1B protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• proteiny vázající RNA MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů MeSH
• transportní proteiny MeSH

Embryonic and tumour cells are able to protect themselves against various harmful compounds. In human pathology, this phenomenon exists in the form of multidrug resistance (MDR) that significantly deteriorates success of anticancer treatment. Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) play one of the key roles in the xenobiotic metabolism. CYP expression could contribute to resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. CYP epoxygenases (CYP2C and CYP2J) metabolize about 20% of clinically important drugs. Besides of drug metabolism, CYP epoxygenases and their metabolites play important role in embryos, normal body function, and tumors. They participate in angiogenesis, mitogenesis, and cell signaling. It was found that CYP epoxygenases are affected by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Based on the results of current studies, we assume that PPARs ligands may regulate CYP2C and CYP2J and in some extent they may contribute to overcoming of MDR in patients with different types of tumours.

• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• chemorezistence * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetná léková rezistence * MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů metabolismus   MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů MeSH
• systém (enzymů) cytochromů P-450 MeSH

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are subgroups of nuclear hormonal receptors of transcripting factors mostly found in adipose tissue. They are described as important regulators of lipid and saccharide metabolism including insulin sensitivity; therefore they are taken as marker of metabolic syndrome. Their synthetic ligands could be used as drugs for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu metabolismus   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolický syndrom metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů * MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů fyziologie   MeSH
• tuková tkáň metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukosa MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů MeSH

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which act as transcription factors. PPARs affect expression of many genes, which products are involved in lipid and carbohydrates metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation and numerous other processes. Three different subtypes (isoforms) of PPARs have been identified: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, PPAR-delta. PPAR-alpha receptors play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism: they decrease circulating fatty acids and triglyceride levels. Recently, the ability of PPAR-alpha receptors to improve insulin sensitivity in rodent model of insulin resistance have been documented and numerous studies have focused on this topic. One of the possible mechanisms of its action on the insulin sensitivity is lowering of ectopic lipids in liver and muscle tissues with subsequent heightening of insulin signalling cascade. Here we summarize the experimental studies focusing on the role of PPAR-alpha in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and discuss possible mechanisms involved.

• MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů fyziologie   MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů MeSH

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to clarify whether common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) gene (rs1801282) and the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) gene (rs8192673) are associated with obesity indexes (BMI, waist circumference) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Caucasian population. The second aim was to find an association of both polymorphisms with T2DM. METHODS: Two exonic SNPs of both genes rs1801282 of the PPAR-γ gene and rs8192673 of the PGC-1α gene) were genotyped in 881 unrelated Slovene subjects (Caucasians) with T2DM and in 348 subjects without T2DM (control subjects). RESULTS: Female homozygotes with the CC genotype of the rs8192673 had higher waist circumference in comparison with subjects with other genotypes. Homozygotes (females, males) with wild allele (Pro) of the rs1801282 (Pro12Ala polymorphism) had higher waist circumference in comparison with subjects with other genotypes. In the study, there were no differences in the distributions of the rs8192673 and the rs1801282 genotypes between patients with T2DM and controls. Linear regression analyses for both polymorphisms were performed and demonstrated an independent effect of the rs1801282 of the PPAR-γ on waist circumference in subjects with T2DM, whereas an independent effect on waist circumference was not demonstrated for the rs8192673 of the PGC-1α gene. CONCLUSIONS: In a large sample of the Caucasians the rs8192673 of the PGC-1α gene and the rs1801282 of the PPAR-γ gene were associated with waist circumference in subjects with T2DM.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu diagnóza   epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• genetické markery genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita diagnóza   epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• obvod pasu genetika   MeSH
• PPAR gama genetika   MeSH
• PPARGC1A MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• genetické markery MeSH
• PPAR gama MeSH
• PPARGC1A protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• PPARGC1A MeSH
• transkripční faktory MeSH

The three isotypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are currently perceived as major regulatory nodes (or hubs) of metabolic pathway networks, linking most prevalent diseases including Type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. The integrative functions of PPARs are also reflected in their ecogenetic profile, when the variants underlying pharmacogenetic interactions were also shown to modulate the effect of lifestyle factors. Despite their extensive clinical use, there are many outstanding issues, especially concerning their safety. Critical pharmacogenomic assessment is warranted for the new potent ligands of multiple PPAR isoforms as many have displayed serious side-effects in a limited number of treated subjects. Nevertheless, the advent of genomic, transcriptomic and system biology-level approaches, integrating knowledge from model systems and human biology, should greatly facilitate the transition to individualized PPAR-based therapies.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu genetika   metabolismus   terapie   MeSH
• genetická variace účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• genový targeting metody   MeSH
• látky proti obezitě aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita genetika   metabolismus   terapie   MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů agonisté   genetika   MeSH
• systémy cílené aplikace léků metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• látky proti obezitě MeSH
• receptory aktivované proliferátory peroxizomů MeSH

Entamoeba histolytica is believed to be devoid of peroxisomes, like most anaerobic protists. In this work, we provided the first evidence that peroxisomes are present in E. histolytica, although only seven proteins responsible for peroxisome biogenesis (peroxins) were identified (Pex1, Pex6, Pex5, Pex11, Pex14, Pex16, and Pex19). Targeting matrix proteins to peroxisomes is reduced to the PTS1-dependent pathway mediated via the soluble Pex5 receptor, while the PTS2 receptor Pex7 is absent. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that peroxisomal markers (Pex5, Pex14, Pex16, Pex19) are present in vesicles distinct from mitosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the endosome/phagosome system, except Pex11, which has dual localization in peroxisomes and mitosomes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Pex14 localized to vesicles of approximately 90-100 nm in diameter. Proteomic analyses of affinity-purified peroxisomes and in silico PTS1 predictions provided datasets of 655 and 56 peroxisomal candidates, respectively; however, only six proteins were shared by both datasets, including myo-inositol dehydrogenase (myo-IDH). Peroxisomal NAD-dependent myo-IDH appeared to be a dimeric enzyme with high affinity to myo-inositol (Km 0.044 mM) and can utilize also scyllo-inositol, D-glucose and D-xylose as substrates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of myo-IDH with PTS1 are present in E. dispar, E. nutalli and E. moshkovskii but not in E. invadens, and form a monophyletic clade of mostly peroxisomal orthologs with free-living Mastigamoeba balamuthi and Pelomyxa schiedti. The presence of peroxisomes in E. histolytica and other archamoebae breaks the paradigm of peroxisome absence in anaerobes and provides a new potential target for the development of antiparasitic drugs.

• MeSH
• anaerobióza MeSH
• Entamoeba histolytica metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• inositol metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• peroxiny metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxizomální cílové signály * MeSH
• peroxizomy metabolismus   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inositol MeSH
• peroxiny MeSH
• peroxizomální cílové signály * MeSH
• protozoální proteiny MeSH

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor which is activated by various endogenous as well as exogenous compounds. It is involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, such as nutrient metabolism, energy homoeostasis, immunological response and xenobiotic metabolism. Little is known about its expression during human prenatal development. We examined the spatio-temporal expression pattern of PPARα in human embryonic/foetal intestines, liver and kidney from the 5th to 20th week of prenatal life by indirect two-step immunohistochemistry. PPARα expression can already be detected in the early stages of prenatal development; as early as the 7th week of intrauterine development (IUD) in the intestines, 5th week of IUD in the liver and 6th week of IUD in the kidney. We found age-dependent changes in the PPARα expression pattern in the intestines and kidney. These events occur approximately at the commencement of function of these organs. In the intestines, we detected an obvious change of the PPARα expression pattern along the crypt-villous axis in the 11th week of IUD. In the kidney, the most apparent change was increased expression of PPARα in glomeruli in the 12th week of IUD. Moreover, in the liver, we detected a strong positivity in part of the developing blood elements. Information about the spatio-temporal expression pattern of PPARα could be the first step in evaluating the potential harmful impact of a wide range of environmental or pharmaceutical compounds which serve as PPARα ligands on the developing human organism.

• MeSH
• antigen Ki-67 metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fixace tkání MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• ledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plod metabolismus   MeSH
• PPAR alfa biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• xenobiotika farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• zalévání tkání do parafínu MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigen Ki-67 MeSH
• PPAR alfa MeSH
• xenobiotika MeSH

In as early as 1997, the World Health Organization officially recognized obesity as a chronic disease. The current epidemic of obesity and overweightness has aroused great interest in the study of adipose tissue formation. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) binds to the target gene promoter regulatory sequences, acting as a key factor in regulating the differentiation of preadipocytes in the adipose tissue, and plays an important role in regulating the adipocyte metabolism. A further understanding of the structure and expression characteristics of PPARgamma, in addition to its mechanisms of action in adipocyte differentiation, may be applied to control obesity and prevent obesity-related diseases. In this article, recent studies investigating the effect of regulating PPARgamma on adipocyte differentiation are reviewed. In particular, the structural characteristics, expression patterns, and molecular mechanisms of PPARgamma function in adipocyte differentiation are considered.

• MeSH
• adipogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• bílá tuková tkáň cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace fyziologie   MeSH
• hnědá tuková tkáň cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• PPAR gama metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• PPAR gama MeSH