Science is integral to society because it can inform individual, government, corporate, and civil society decision-making on issues such as public health, new technologies or climate change. Yet, public distrust and populist sentiment challenge the relationship between science and society. To help researchers analyse the science-society nexus across different geographical and cultural contexts, we undertook a cross-sectional population survey resulting in a dataset of 71,922 participants in 68 countries. The data were collected between November 2022 and August 2023 as part of the global Many Labs study "Trust in Science and Science-Related Populism" (TISP). The questionnaire contained comprehensive measures for individuals' trust in scientists, science-related populist attitudes, perceptions of the role of science in society, science media use and communication behaviour, attitudes to climate change and support for environmental policies, personality traits, political and religious views and demographic characteristics. Here, we describe the dataset, survey materials and psychometric properties of key variables. We encourage researchers to use this unique dataset for global comparative analyses on public perceptions of science and its role in society and policy-making.

• MeSH
• důvěra * MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• komunikace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• postoj * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• věda * MeSH
• veřejné mínění MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• dataset MeSH

Changes in thermal regimes that disparately affect hosts and parasitoids could release hosts from biological control. When multiple natural enemy species share a host, shifts in host-parasitoid dynamics could depend on whether natural enemies interact antagonistically vs. synergistically. We investigated how biotic and abiotic factors influence the population ecology of larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella), a nonnative pest, and two imported parasitoids, Agathis pumila and Chrysocharis laricinellae, by analyzing (1) temporal dynamics in defoliation from 1962 to 2018, and (2) historical, branch-level data on densities of larch casebearer and parasitism rates by the two imported natural enemies from 1972 to 1995. Analyses of defoliation indicated that, prior to the widespread establishment of parasitoids (1962 to ~1980), larch casebearer outbreaks occurred in 2-6 yr cycles. This pattern was followed by a >15-yr period during which populations were at low, apparently stable densities undetectable via aerial surveys, presumably under control from parasitoids. However, since the late 1990s and despite the persistence of both parasitoids, outbreaks exhibiting unstable dynamics have occurred. Analyses of branch-level data indicated that growth of casebearer populations, A. pumila populations, and within-casebearer densities of C. laricinellae-a generalist whose population dynamics are likely also influenced by use of alternative hosts-were inhibited by density dependence, with high intraspecific densities in one year slowing growth into the next. Casebearer population growth was also inhibited by parasitism from A. pumila, but not C. laricinellae, and increased with warmer autumnal temperatures. Growth of A. pumila populations and within-casebearer densities of C. laricinellae increased with casebearer densities but decreased with warmer annual maximum temperatures. Moreover, parasitism by A. pumila was associated with increased growth of within-casebearer densities of C. laricinellae without adverse effects on its own demographics, indicating a synergistic interaction between these parasitoids. Our results indicate that warming can be associated with opposing effects between trophic levels, with deleterious effects of warming on one natural enemy species potentially being exacerbated by similar impacts on another. Coupling of such parasitoid responses with positive responses of hosts to warming might have contributed to the return of casebearer outbreaks to North America.

• Klíčová slova
• Coleophora laricella, climate, defoliator, host-parasitoid, invasion, population dynamics, spatial synchrony, weather,
• MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• můry * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Severní Amerika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Xrn1 exoribonuclease is the major mRNA degradation enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In exponentially growing cells, Xrn1 is localised in the yeast cells and directs the degradation of mRNA molecules. Xrn1 is gradually deposited and presumably inactivated in the processing bodies (P-bodies) as the yeast population ages. Xrn1 can also localise to the membrane compartment of the arginine permease Can1/eisosome compartment at the yeast plasma membrane. This localisation correlates with the metabolic (diauxic) shift from glucose fermentation to respiration, although the relevance of this Xrn1 localisation remains unknown. METHODS: We monitored the growth rates and morphology of Xrn1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) cells compared to wild-type and Δxrn1 cells and observed the Xrn1-GFP localisation pattern in different media types for up to 72 hours using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: We present the dynamic changes in the localisation of Xrn1 as a versatile tool for monitoring the growth of yeast populations at the single-cell level using fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The dynamic changes in the localisation of Xrn1 can be a versatile tool for monitoring the growth of yeast populations at the single-cell level. Simultaneously, Xrn1 localisation outside of P-bodies in post-diauxic cells supports its storage and cytoprotective function, yet the role of P-bodies in cell metabolism has still not yet been entirely elucidated.

• Klíčová slova
• P-bodies, Xrn1, diauxic shift, eisosomes, yeast,
• MeSH
• exoribonukleasy * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• populační růst MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• exoribonukleasy * MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH

Biological invasions pose a rapidly expanding threat to the persistence, functioning and service provisioning of ecosystems globally, and to socio-economic interests. The stages of successful invasions are driven by the same mechanism that underlies adaptive changes across species in general-via natural selection on intraspecific variation in traits that influence survival and reproductive performance (i.e., fitness). Surprisingly, however, the rapid progress in the field of invasion science has resulted in a predominance of species-level approaches (such as deny lists), often irrespective of natural selection theory, local adaptation and other population-level processes that govern successful invasions. To address these issues, we analyse non-native species dynamics at the population level by employing a database of European freshwater macroinvertebrate time series, to investigate spreading speed, abundance dynamics and impact assessments among populations. Our findings reveal substantial variability in spreading speed and abundance trends within and between macroinvertebrate species across biogeographic regions, indicating that levels of invasiveness and impact differ markedly. Discrepancies and inconsistencies among species-level risk screenings and real population-level data were also identified, highlighting the inherent challenges in accurately assessing population-level effects through species-level assessments. In recognition of the importance of population-level assessments, we urge a shift in invasive species management frameworks, which should account for the dynamics of different populations and their environmental context. Adopting an adaptive, region-specific and population-focused approach is imperative, considering the diverse ecological contexts and varying degrees of susceptibility. Such an approach could improve and refine risk assessments while promoting mechanistic understandings of risks and impacts, thereby enabling the development of more effective conservation and management strategies.

• Klíčová slova
• Europe, freshwater macroinvertebrates, long‐term trends, non‐native species, population spread, population‐level dynamics, risk assessments,
• MeSH
• bezobratlí * fyziologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

The author examines general theoretical and methodological questions concerning optimum population. Parameters of optimum population analyzed include differences between static and dynamic optimums, means of attaining demographic goals, and optimization at macro and micro levels (SUMMARY IN ENG, RUS)

• Klíčová slova
• Demographic Factors, Demography, Optimum Population *, Population, Population Dynamics, Population Size, Population Theory *, Social Sciences,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Dermatophagoides farinae is an important house dust mite species that causes allergies in humans worldwide. In houses, these mites are commonly found in actively used mattresses and pillows, which provide food (i.e. sloughed skin and microorganisms), moisture, and increased temperature for faster mite development. In mattresses, feeding mites prefer the upper sector, as close as possible to the resting human (temperature 32-36 °C, humidity between 55 and 59%). However, mites that are not actively feeding prefer staying at deeper zones of the mattress. Here, we analyzed mite responses to different temperatures (15-35 °C) and relative humidity (62-94% RH) in terms of their population size growth and respiration (CO2 production) using lab mite cultures. The intrinsic rate of population increase had a single maximum at approximately 28 °C and 85% RH. At 30 °C, there were two respiration peaks at RH 90% (smaller peak) and 65% (larger peak). Therefore, there is a mismatch between the optimal temperature/humidity for the population size increase vs. respiration. We propose preliminary hypotheses explaining the two respiration peaks and suggest that future research should be done to elucidate the nature of these peaks.

• Klíčová slova
• Dermatophagoides farinae, House dust mites, Humidity, Physiology, Population growth, Respiration, Temperature,
• MeSH
• alergeny MeSH
• antigeny roztočů domácího prachu MeSH
• Dermatophagoides farinae * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• populační růst * MeSH
• prach MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• vlhkost MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alergeny MeSH
• antigeny roztočů domácího prachu MeSH
• prach MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• Czechoslovakia, Demography *, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Europe, Historical Demography, Social Sciences,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

The population policy is an instrument aimed at overcoming the contradictions between individual and societal interests in the sphere of population, or one aimed at overcoming the contradictions between population development and the needs of social and economic development in a society. The contents of the population policy include a set of measures which are designed to influence the population development in a given way which reflects the momentary or the perspective interests of the society and which reflect the quantitative or qualitative characteristics of the population in a particular area. The aims of population policy include dealing with population size, structure, and spatial distribution of population. In the interests of achieving these aims, society attempts to affect the processes of fertility, mortality, and migration. In the narrower sense, population policy includes such measures of society as influence the development of quantitative and qualitative characteristics; in the broader sense, it includes measures of immediate influence as well as those which influence population development indirectly. These may be measures which are designed to influence other sectors of societal life but which have certain consequences or secondary effects upon the population. Population policy is a separate, relatively autonomous branch of the general societal policy. The autonomy results from the fact that population policy is a practical application of a separate branch of science known as demography as well as from the fact that population policy has its own specific aims differing from aims in other branches of societal policy. (author's modified)

• Klíčová slova
• Demographic Factors, Demographic Impact *, Demography, Economic Development *, Economic Factors, Policy, Population, Population Dynamics *, Population Policy *, Population Size, Population Theory *, Social Development *, Social Planning *, Social Policy, Social Sciences, Spatial Distribution,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• ekonomika * MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika * MeSH
• sociální plánování * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• sociální změna * MeSH
• veřejná politika * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

The evolutionary forces shaping life history divergence within species are largely unknown. Turquoise killifish display differences in lifespan among wild populations, representing an ideal natural experiment in evolution and diversification of life history. By combining genome sequencing and population genetics, we investigate the evolutionary forces shaping lifespan among wild turquoise killifish populations. We generate an improved reference genome assembly and identify genes under positive and purifying selection, as well as those evolving neutrally. Short-lived populations from the outer margin of the species range have small population size and accumulate deleterious mutations in genes significantly enriched in the WNT signaling pathway, neurodegeneration, cancer and the mTOR pathway. We propose that limited population size due to habitat fragmentation and repeated population bottlenecks, by increasing the genome-wide mutation load, exacerbates the effects of mutation accumulation and cumulatively contribute to the short adult lifespan.

• Klíčová slova
• aging, evolution, evolutionary biology, genetics, genomics, lifespan, nothobranchius furzeri, turquoise killifish,
• MeSH
• akumulace mutací * MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• dlouhověkost genetika   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• Fundulidae MeSH
• genom genetika   MeSH
• hustota populace * MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• stárnutí genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Standardised terminology in science is important for clarity of interpretation and communication. In invasion science - a dynamic and rapidly evolving discipline - the proliferation of technical terminology has lacked a standardised framework for its development. The result is a convoluted and inconsistent usage of terminology, with various discrepancies in descriptions of damage and interventions. A standardised framework is therefore needed for a clear, universally applicable, and consistent terminology to promote more effective communication across researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers. Inconsistencies in terminology stem from the exponential increase in scientific publications on the patterns and processes of biological invasions authored by experts from various disciplines and countries since the 1990s, as well as publications by legislators and policymakers focusing on practical applications, regulations, and management of resources. Aligning and standardising terminology across stakeholders remains a challenge in invasion science. Here, we review and evaluate the multiple terms used in invasion science (e.g. 'non-native', 'alien', 'invasive' or 'invader', 'exotic', 'non-indigenous', 'naturalised', 'pest') to propose a more simplified and standardised terminology. The streamlined framework we propose and translate into 28 other languages is based on the terms (i) 'non-native', denoting species transported beyond their natural biogeographic range, (ii) 'established non-native', i.e. those non-native species that have established self-sustaining populations in their new location(s) in the wild, and (iii) 'invasive non-native' - populations of established non-native species that have recently spread or are spreading rapidly in their invaded range actively or passively with or without human mediation. We also highlight the importance of conceptualising 'spread' for classifying invasiveness and 'impact' for management. Finally, we propose a protocol for classifying populations based on (i) dispersal mechanism, (ii) species origin, (iii) population status, and (iv) impact. Collectively and without introducing new terminology, the framework that we present aims to facilitate effective communication and collaboration in invasion science and management of non-native species.

• Klíčová slova
• biological invasion, classification, communication, non‐English language, non‐native, polysemy, synonymy,
• MeSH
• terminologie jako téma * MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH