Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, have become increasingly prevalent across all human generations. Despite advances in diagnosis, effective long-term therapeutic options remain limited, with many patients experiencing recurrent symptoms after treatment. The multifactorial origins of ulcerative colitis are widely recognized, but the intestinal microbiome, particularly bacteria from the Desulfovibrionaceae family, is thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. These bacteria contribute significantly to gut microbial functions, yet their cytotoxic and viability characteristics under disease conditions remain poorly understood. Our review provides insights on recent advancements in methodologies for assessing the cytotoxicity and viability of anaerobic intestinal bacteria, with a specific focus on their relevance to gut health and disease. We introduce overview from current literature on modern techniques including flow cytometry, high-throughput screening, and molecular-based assays, highlighting their applications in understanding the role of Desulfovibrionaceae and other gut microbes in IBD pathogenesis. By bridging methodological advancements with functional implications, this review aims to enhance our understanding of gut microbiota-host interactions, which are crucial for maintaining health and preventing disease through immune modulation, where microbiota help regulate immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation; nutrient metabolism, including the breakdown of dietary fibers into short-chain fatty acids that support gut health; and colonization resistance, where beneficial microbes outcompete harmful pathogens to maintain microbial balance.

Department of Experimental Biology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmacy Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt

Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wroclaw ul S Przybyszewskiego 63 Wrocław 51 148 Poland

Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research Faculty of Dentistry University of Szeged Tisza Lajos krt 62 64 Szeged 6720 Hungary

Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Delta University for Science and Technology International Coastal Road Gamasa 11152 Egypt

Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Palackého tř 1946 1 Brno 612 42 Czech Republic

Instituto de Formación Continua IL3 University of Barcelona Barcelona 08018 Spain

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