The 14th Host-Pathogen Interaction Forum was held in Kutná Hora, Czech Republic, between November 7 - 10, 2022. The Forum was traditionally organized by the Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, in collaboration with the Czech Immunological Society in Prague, Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
- kongresy jako téma * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- zprávy MeSH
Engagement of PRRs in recognition of PAMPs or DAMPs is one of the processes that initiates cellular stress. These sensors are involved in signaling pathways leading to induction of innate immune processes. Signaling initiated by PRRs is associated with the activation of MyD88-dependent signaling pathways and myddosome formation. MyD88 downstream signaling depends upon the context of signaling initiation, the cell (sub)type and the microenvironment of signal initiation. Recognition of PAMPs or DAMPs through PRRs activates the cellular autonomous defence mechanism, which orchestrates the cell responses to resolve specific insults at the single cell level. In general, stressed endoplasmic reticulum is directly linked with the induction of autophagy and initiation of mitochondrial stress. These processes are regulated by the release of Ca2+ from ER stores accepted by mitochondria, which respond through membrane depolarization and the production of reactive oxygen species generating signals leading to inflammasome activation. In parallel, signaling from PRRs initiates the accumulation of misfolded or inappropriately post-translationally modified proteins in the ER and triggers a group of conserved emergency rescue pathways known as unfolded protein response. The cell-autonomous effector mechanisms have evolutionarily ancient roots and were gradually specialized for the defence of specific cell (sub)types. All of these processes are common to the innate immune recognition of microbial pathogens and tumorigenesis as well. PRRs are active in both cases. Downstream are activated signaling pathways initiated by myddosomes, translated by the cellular autonomous defence mechanism, and finalized by inflammasomes.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Immune responses to intracellular pathogens depend largely upon the activation of T helper type 1-dependent mechanisms. The contribution of B cells to establishing protective immunity has long been underestimated. Francisella tularensis, including a number of subspecies, provides a suitable model for the study of immune responses against intracellular bacterial pathogens. We previously demonstrated that Francisella infects B cells and activates B-cell subtypes to produce a number of cytokines and express the activation markers. Recently, we documented the early production of natural antibodies as a consequence of Francisella infection in mice. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the innate and acquired humoral immune responses initiated by Francisella infection and their relationships with the immune defense systems.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
It is usual for information to be unavailable regarding the molecular composition of extracts from herbs or animal tissues that are popular in folk medicine. Here, we present analysis of the alcohol-ether extract from bovine tissue analogous to the basic substance used in such commercial products as Retisin, Imuregen, Actovegin, and Solcoseryl. The tested extract contains a whole spectrum of free amino acids, small proteins and oligopeptides of molecular weight up to 10 kDa, various nucleotides, and a small amount of phospholipids. Among the molecules that can explain some biological activities of the extract were identified those of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine), several defensins, and bactericidal hemoglobin fragments known as hemocidins. All those molecules identified are natural components of bovine tissues, and a substantial number of them might be biologically active in vivo. Others are sources of readily available nutrients.
- Klíčová slova
- Juvenil,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potravní doplňky analýza MeSH
- tkáňové extrakty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
There remains to this day a great gap in understanding as to the role of B cells and their products-antibodies and cytokines-in mediating the protective response to Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative coccobacillus belonging to the group of facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens. We previously have demonstrated that Francisella interacts directly with peritoneal B-1a cells. Here, we demonstrate that, as early as 12 h postinfection, germ-free mice infected with Francisella tularensis produce infection-induced antibody clones reacting with Francisella tularensis proteins having orthologs or analogs in eukaryotic cells. Production of some individual clones was limited in time and was influenced by virulence of the Francisella strain used. The phylogenetically stabilized defense mechanism can utilize these early infection-induced antibodies both to recognize components of the invading pathogens and to eliminate molecular residues of infection-damaged self cells.
- MeSH
- B-lymfocyty imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- cytokiny metabolismus MeSH
- Francisella tularensis patogenita MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši MeSH
- tularemie imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- tvorba protilátek MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The gut microbiota of vertebrates, including humans, constitutes an integral genomic part that, together with the genome of the host, may be included under the umbrella concept of hologenome, which itself can be seen as one of the possible tools for evolution. Present-day lifestyles, technologically processed nutrients, and various diseases impact significantly upon composition of the intestinal microbiota. Knowledge recently brought to light has shown the gut microbiota to be a component of the microbiota–gut–brain axis having feedback effects on physiological and psychological processes of the host organism and its health. This minireview summarizes current knowledge and opinions on the importance of the microbiota–gut–brain axis and discusses possibilities for beneficially modulating one of the organism’s most vital axes.
- MeSH
- hormony fyziologie MeSH
- kyseliny mastné těkavé MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální interakce fyziologie MeSH
- mozek * fyziologie MeSH
- neurofyziologie MeSH
- neurotransmiterové látky fyziologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The gut microbiota is one of the modulators influencing its host's development, metabolism, as well as immunological, psychological, and cognitive abilities. The gut microbiota consortium influences enteroendocrine regulation, neurohormonal regulation, as well as natural immune regulation. Disruptions occurring in life can lead to dysbiosis that in turn influences the host homeostasis and/or disease. Targeted modulation of microbiota composition thus appears to be an appropriate intervention strategy in cases of certain specific health problems. Here, we demonstrate that application of the nutritional supplement Imuregen, which is a natural immune booster, modulates the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in favor of the Bacteroidetes genera and causes no pathological changes to intestinal epithelium.
Imuregen is a unique dietary supplement that was developed by leading Czech immunologists, made and distributed from the Czech Republic, and first came out in the 1950s. Imuregen boasts of decades of research and clinical exposure. It was created for the immune system sourced only from all natural ingredients that support cellular immunity and energy, tissue regeneration, wound healing, endocrine gland repair, intestinal integrity, memory enhancement, and has antitumor effects.
- Klíčová slova
- Juvenil, Imuregen, Retisin,
- MeSH
- imunomodulace * účinky léků MeSH
- tkáňové extrakty dějiny imunologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Primary interaction of an intracellular bacterium with its host cell is initiated by activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to bacterium recognition itself or as cellular responses to stress induced by the bacterium. The leading molecules in these processes are cell surface membrane receptors as well as cytosolic pattern recognition receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns induced by the invading bacterium. In this review, we demonstrate possible sequences of events leading to recognition of Francisella tularensis, present findings on known mechanisms for manipulating cell responses to protect Francisella from being killed, and discuss newly published data from the perspective of early stages of host-pathogen interaction.
- MeSH
- alarminy genetika imunologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- fagocytóza genetika MeSH
- Francisella tularensis genetika imunologie patogenita MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- makrofágy imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- PAMP struktury imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- přirozená imunita * MeSH
- receptory buněčného povrchu genetika imunologie MeSH
- receptory rozpoznávající vzory genetika imunologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- tularemie genetika imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
