BACKGROUND: Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD) is an autosomal recessive (rarely dominant) inherited disorder that is almost exclusively associated with the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) variability. Nonetheless, only a small proportion of APOE2/E2 subjects develop the phenotype for mixed dyslipidemia; the context of other trigger metabolic or genetic factors remains unknown. METHODS: One hundred and one patients with FD and eighty controls (all APOE2/E2 homozygotes; rs429358) were screened for 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the genes involved in triglyceride metabolism. RESULTS: Two SNPs were significantly associated with the FD phenotype (rs439401 within APOE; P < 0.0005 and rs964184 within ZPR1/APOA5/A4/C3/A1 gene cluster; P < 0.0001). Unweighted genetic risk scores - from these two SNPs (GRS2), and, also, additional 13 SNPs with P-value below 0.9 (GRS15) - were created as an additional tool to improve the risk estimation of FD development in subjects with the APOE2/E2 genotype. Both GRS2 and GRS15 were significantly (P < 0.0001) increased in patients and both GRSs discriminated almost identically between the groups (P = 0.86). Subjects with an unweighted GRS2 of three or more had an almost four-fold higher risk of FD development than other individuals (odds ratio (OR) 3.58, 95% confidence interva (CI): 1.78-7.18, P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: We identified several SNPs that are individual additive factors influencing FD development. The use of unweighted GRS2 is a simple and clinically relevant tool that further improves the prediction of FD in APOE2/E2 homozygotes with corresponding biochemical characteristics.
- MeSH
- apolipoprotein E2 * genetika MeSH
- apolipoproteiny E genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
- genetické rizikové skóre MeSH
- genotyp * MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ III genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Familiární dysbetalipoproteinemie (FD) představuje nejen velmi aterogenní dyslipidemii (DLP), která vede k předčasné manifestaci aterosklerózy (jak koronární, tak periferní), ale může být, zvláště u pacientů, kteří mají velmi vysoké hodnoty triglyceridů (TG), také možným rizikovým faktorem rozvoje akutní pankreatitidy. Dá se předpokládat, že v České republice žije až 10 000 pacientů s touto diagnózou, bohužel jejich záchyt je velmi nízký. Na FD musíme pomýšlet vždy u pacientů s těžší smíšenou DLP při hodnotách celkového cholesterolu (T-C) > 5 mmol/l a TG > 3 mmol/l, u kterých je poměr T-C/TG přibližně 2(1) : 1. Pacienty vhodné k dalšímu, zejména genetickému, vyšetření lze vybrat pomocí řady diagnostických algoritmů; dle našich výsledků se nejvhodnějším jeví poměr nonHDL-cholesterolu/apolipoproteinu B (nonHDL-C/apoB) > 5 mmol/g. Definitivní diagnóza může být stanovena pomocí genotypizace apolipoproteinu E, vzácněji ultracentrifugací lipoproteinů nebo polyakrylamidovou gradientní elektroforézou. Základem léčby jsou důsledná režimová opatření, farmakoterapií volby pak kombinace statinu s fibrátem. Cílem naší práce je charakteristika české kohorty pacientů s FD popisující jejich laboratorní nálezy, výskyt komorbidit a léčebná schémata a dále pak zhodnocení využitelnosti literárně popsaných diagnostických algoritmů u pacientů s FD.
Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD) is not only a very atherogenic dyslipidemia (DLP) that leads to premature atherosclerosis (both coronary and peripheral), but may also be a potential risk factor for development of acute pancreatitis (in patient with very high triglyceride levels). In the Czech Republic, up to 10,000 patients with this diagnosis can be expected, unfortunately their detection is very low. FD must always be considered in patients with heavier mixed DLP (total cholesterol (T-C) > 5 mmol/L, TG > 3 mmol/L), in whom the T-C/TG ratio is approximately 2(1) : 1. Patients suitable for further, especially genetic, testing can be selected using a number of diagnostic algorithms; according to our results, the ratio of nonHDL-cholesterol/apolipoprotein B (nonHDL-C/apoB) > 5 mmol/g seems to be the most suitable. Definitive diagnosis can be made by apolipoprotein E genotyping, more rarely by lipoprotein ultracentrifugation or polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis. Treatment is based on consistent regimen measures; the pharmacotherapy of choice is the combination of a statin plus fibrate. The aim of our work is to characterize the Czech cohort of patients with FD, describing their laboratory findings, the occurrence of comorbidities or treatment regimens, and then to evaluate the usability of literature-described diagnostic algorithms in patients with FD.
- MeSH
- deriváty kyseliny fibrové terapeutické užití MeSH
- hyperlipoproteinemie typ III * diagnóza farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob MeSH
- statiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: PCSK9 inhibitors have been shown to be the most effective class of drugs modifying the levels of LDL-cholesterol as the main risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this paper is to assess the effect of monoclonal antibodies on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in real-world practice. RECENT FINDINGS: The outcome trials showed effective reduction of LDL-C by 56-62%. Landmark studies enrolling over a total of 46,000 patients with CHD in their medical history demonstrated the beneficial effect of both agents on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The data from real everyday clinical practice are very limited or missing. Even in real-world practice, PCSK9 inhibitors have been shown to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated class of drugs with effects comparable with those reported from large randomized controlled trials.
- MeSH
- anticholesteremika * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky farmakologie MeSH
- kardiologie * MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- PCSK9 inhibitory MeSH
- proproteinkonvertasa subtilisin/kexin typu 9 metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Familiární dysbetalipoproteinemie (FD) je autosomálně recesivně dědičným (vzácně dominantně) onemocněním, které podmiňuje mutace či polymorfizmus genu pro apolipoprotein E. Typickým genotypem je APOE2/E2, fenotypem pak smíšená dyslipidemie (DLP) manifestující se v kontextu dalších vyvolávajících metabolických či genetických faktorů. Jedná se o velmi aterogenní DLP, jež v konečném důsledku vede k předčasné manifestaci aterosklerózy, a to jak koronární, tak periferní. V ČR se předpokládá až 10 000 pacientů s touto diagnózou, bohužel jejich záchyt je dramaticky nižší. Na FD musíme pomýšlet vždy u pacientů s těžší smíšenou DLP s poměrem celkového cholesterolu a triglyceridů (T-C/TG) přibližně 2(1) : 1. Pacienty vhodné k dalšímu (zejména genetickému) vyšetření lze spolehlivě vybrat pomocí poměru nonHDL-cholesterolu a apolipoproteinu B. Definitivní diagnóza je pak stanovena pomocí genotypizace apolipoproteinu E, vzácněji ultracentrifugací lipoproteinů či elektroforeticky. Základ léčby představují důsledná režimová opatření; farmakoterapii volby pak kombinace statinu s fibrátem.
Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD) is an autosomal recessive inherited (rarely dominant) disease that is caused by mutations or polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E gene. The typical genotype is APOE2/E2, the phenotype is mixed dyslipidemia (DLP) manifesting in the context of other metabolic or genetic trigger factors. It is a very atherogenic dyslipidemia, which inevitably leads to the premature manifestation of atherosclerosis, both coronary and peripheral. Up to 10,000 patients with this diagnosis are expected in the Czech Republic, but unfortunately their detection is dramatically lower. FD must always be considered in patients with severe mixed DLP with a TC (total cholesterol)/TG (triglyceride) ratio of approximately 2(1) : 1. Patients suitable for further (especially genetic) examination can be reliably selected using the ratio of non- HDL-cholesterol/apolipoprotein B. The definitive diagnosis is then determined by genotyping apolipoprotein E, rarely by ultracentrifugation of lipoproteins or electrophoretically. The basis of treatment are lifestyle measures; pharmacotherapy of choice is a combination of statin with fibrate.
Introduction: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are at increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Aim of study: To perform a retrospective analysis of data to assess the effects of individual lipoproteins and other risk factors (RFs) on the development of ASCVD and to compare these parameters in individuals with versus without ASCVD. Patients and methods: Our study group included a total of 1,236 patients with FH (395 men and 841 women with a mean age of 44.8 ± 16.7 years) attending a single lipid clinic. The diagnosis of FH was established using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network score (DLCN). Among the 1236 FH patients, 1,008 of them [854 suspected with LDL receptor-mediated FH and 154 with familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB)] were genetically analysed. Their RFs were assessed based on the patients' clinical characteristics. Results: While patients with ASCVD had higher baseline LDL-C, TC, TG and Lp(a) compared with patients without this diagnosis, this ratio was just the opposite by the follow-up. The highest statistically significant differences were seen in the baseline levels of Lp(a) and, quite surprisingly, TG. Except for Lp(a), the levels of all lipid parameters declined significantly over time. While the incidence of diabetes and arterial hypertension was not higher in our group compared with the general population, these patients were at a more significant risk of ASCVD. Conclusion: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a major RF for the development of ASCVD. While our analysis confirmed the important role of LDL-C, it also corroborated a strong correlation between ASCVD and other lipid parameters, and Lp(a) and TG in particular. Familial hypercholesterolemia is not the only RF and, to reduce cardiovascular risk of their patients, physicians have to search for other potential RFs. Patients diagnosed to have FH benefit from attending a specialized lipid clinic perse.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Introduction: The cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is defect in LDL receptor or familial defect of apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) or, rarely, defect in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Identification and treatment of patients with FH improves their prognosis. Our data represent retrospective analysis of 50 years of specialised care in our center. Patients and Methods: A group of 1236 FH patients (841 women, 395 men; 993 study subjects and 243 relatives; mean age 44.8 ± 16.7 years) included 154 FDB patients followed at the Lipid Clinic of the General University Hospital in Prague since the mid-1960s to the present. Clinical diagnosis was based on the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Criteria. Genetic analysis was performed using PCR-RFLP to detect FDB and apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism. Biochemical data were collected and statistically analysed. Results: At baseline, mean LDL-C and total cholesterol (TC) levels of all FH patients combined were 6.49 ± 1.92 mmol/L and 8.95 ± 1.95 mmol/L, respectively. Their LDL-C levels decreased to 3.26 ± 1.57 mmol/L and TC levels to 5.43 ± 1.69 mmol/L during follow-up. In the subgroup of LDL receptor-mediated FH (non-FDB) patients, baseline LDL-C and TC levels of 6.61 ± 1.95 mmol/L and 9.09 ± 1.97 mmol/L declined to 3.21 ± 1.60 mmol/L and 5.39 ± 1.72 mmol/L, respectively, during follow-up. In the FDB subgroup of patients, baseline levels of LDL-C and TC were 5.57 ± 1.46 mmol/L and 7.88 ± 1.58 mmol/L decreasing to 3.45 ± 0.24 mmol/L and 5.58 ± 1.37 mmol/L, respectively, during follow-up. Differences were also found in the effects of various APOE isoforms on lipid lowering. A significant decrease in lipid parameters was observed with the E2E2 isoform whereas a minimal decrease was seen with the E4E4 and E3E3 isoforms. Conclusion: Whereas, overall, non-FDB patients had higher baseline lipid levels, these levels declined more appreciably compared with FDB patients during follow-up. Our retrospective analysis also found different effects of APOE isoforms on the decrease in lipid levels.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Úvod: Familiární dysbetalipoproteinemie (FD alias hyperlipoproteinemie typu III) je dědičné AR-onemocnění asociované s polymorfizmem APOE. Typickým genotypem FD je APOE2/2 a fenotypem smíšená DLP vznikající v kontextu dalších prozatím neznámých metabolických nebo bgenetických faktorů. Cílem této práce bylo stanovení hypertriglyceridemického (HTG) skóre u pacientů s FD, jakožto možného determinantu vývoje FD. Metodika: Celkem bylo analyzováno 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), které podmiňují rozvoj HTG v české populaci, a to u 101 pacientů s FD a 90 kontrol s genotypem APOE2/2 (z rozsáhlé biobanky studií post-MONICA a HAPIEE). Genetické analýzy SNPs byly provedeny pomocí RFLP nebo realtime-PCR. Data byla zpracována metodami popisné statistiky. Výsledky: Celkem 8 SNPs z 13 vyšetřených bylo asociováno s rozvojem DLP, resp. HTG u pacientů s FD ve srovnání s kontrolami (nejsilněji SNPs v genech pro APOE a APOA5; P < 0,005). Nevážené genové skóre (suma rizikových alel) bylo rozdílné mezi oběma skupinami (P < 0,01). Závěr: Kumulace rizikových genetických variant, hodnocená pomocí neváženého skóre, může rozlišit mezi jedinci s APOE2/2-genotypem ty s rizikem rozvoje FD.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
