- MeSH
- akademie a ústavy organizace a řízení MeSH
- biomedicínské technologie * organizace a řízení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The objective of the experiment was to verify that HI-6 dimethanesulphonate (HI-6 DMS) is able to penetrate the skin in amounts sufficient to protect against organophosphate poisoning using a rat model. HI-6 2Cl is a major component of Transant, a transdermal patch, used as a protective agent against organophosphate intoxication in the Czech and Slovak armies, although there is little evidence that HI-6 would penetrate the skin in sufficient amounts. HI-6 DMS at a total amount of 127 mg or 635 mg was applied as a buffer solution on the Transant patch which was fixed on the back of the rat. Two, seven or twenty-four hours later, rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected to determine the levels of HI-6 in plasma by HPLC on reversed phase with isocratic elution and UV/VIS detection. HI-6 was not detectable in plasma samples of animals exposed to 127 mg of HI-6 DMS. The highest levels of HI-6 (20.6 ± 18.8 ng/ml) were found in plasma of animals exposed to 635 mg of HI-6 DMS 2 hours after patch application, whereas after 7 or 24 hours the levels were very low. Based on these results, the ability of HI-6 DMS to penetrate the skin is discussed and some possibilities of improving the transdermal penetration are suggested.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- aplikace kožní MeSH
- chemické bojové látky * toxicita MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory terapeutické užití MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- otrava organofosfáty * farmakoterapie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterázy * terapeutické užití MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
The assessment of percutaneous absorption of molecules is a very important step in the evaluation of any dermal or transdermal drug delivery system. In order to perform percutaneous drug absorption studies, it is essential that the methods are standardized and that the integrity of the skin is monitored and maintained to ensure that the data obtained are valid and relevant. Reproducible data on percutaneous absorption in humans are as well required to predict the systemic risk from dermal exposure to chemicals, such as hazardous substances at the workplace, agrochemicals and cosmetic ingredients. In vitro and animal models provide important tools for screening a series of drug formulations, evaluation of skin permeation enhancing properties and mechanism of action of the carrier systems and estimation of rank of skin transport for a series of drug molecules. In this review, we have summarized in vitro testing of skin absorption using static Franz-type diffusion cells.
- MeSH
- chemie farmaceutická MeSH
- kožní absorpce MeSH
- kůže metabolismus MeSH
- léčivé přípravky metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely u zvířat MeSH
- nosiče léků chemie MeSH
- permeabilita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Hysteroskopia predstavuje „zlatý štandard“ v intrauterinnej diagnostike a v určitých prípadoch aj v intrauterinnej operačnej terapii. Nové trendy v ambulantnej hysteroskopii sa týkajú manažmentu intrauterinných zákrokov. Moderné optické systémy umožňujú vykonať zákrok v minimálnej celkovej anestézii, lokálnej anestézii, v určitých prípadoch je možný zákrok aj bez anestézie. Základom inovatívneho manažmentu ambulantnej hysteroskopie je prísna selekcia pacientok, presné vysvetlenie účelu zákroku, angažovanosť personálu zdravotníckeho zariadenia a použitie multimodálnej anestézie. Pobyt pacientky v zdravotníckom zariadení môže byť minimalizovaný na niekoľko hodín alebo dokonca minút po zákroku. Evidentné sú ekonomické výhody minimálne invazívnych zákrokov.
Hysteroscopy represents a “golden standard” approach in intrauterine diagnostics and in intrauterine treatment in particular cases. The new trends in office hysteroscopy have different approach and management of patients. With new optical systems of small diameter we can perform intrauterine interventions with a low dosed anesthesia or with local anesthesia and even without any anesthesia. The core of different out-patient’s management is a precise pre-operative patient selection and procedure explication, involvement of all the staff during intervention and use of multimodal anesthesia. The duration of hospitalization can be minimized to few hours or even minutes after intrauterine procedures. The cost-benefit advantage of minimal invasive procedures is clear.
Acetylcholinesterase activity in defined brain regions was determined using biochemical and histochemical methods 30 min after treating rats with sarin, soman or VX (0.5 x LD(50)). Enzyme inhibition was high in the pontomedullar area and frontal cortex, but was low in the basal ganglia. Histochemical and biochemical results correlated well. Determination of the activity in defined brain structures was a more sensitive parameter than determination in whole brain homogenate where the activity was a "mean" of the activities in different structures. The pontomedullar area controls respiration, so that the special sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to inhibition by nerve agents in this area is important for understanding the mechanism of death caused by nerve agents. Thus, acetylcholinesterase activity is the main parameter investigated in studies searching for target sites following nerve agent poisoning.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- apoptóza účinky léků MeSH
- bazální ganglia enzymologie patologie účinky léků MeSH
- čelní lalok enzymologie patologie účinky léků MeSH
- chemické bojové látky toxicita MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory toxicita MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- sarin aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- soman aplikace a dávkování toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
Changes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the hypophysis and brain (frontal cortex, hippocampus, medial septum and basal ganglia), and butyrylcholinesterase in plasma and liver following galanthamine (GAL) administration were studied in rats pretreated with L-carnitine (CAR). Following only GAL administration (10 mg/kg, i.m.), both cholinesterases (without clinical symptoms of GAL overdosage) were significantly inhibited. Pretreatment with CAR (3 consecutive days, 250 mg/kg, p.o.) followed by GAL administration showed higher AChE inhibition in comparison with single GAL administration. However, a statistically significant difference was observed for AChE in the hippocampus only. The activity of peripheral cholinesterases was not influenced by CAR pretreatment. Thus, pretreatment with CAR enhanced AChE inhibition in some brain parts of the rat following GAL administration.
- MeSH
- aktivace enzymů účinky léků MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa krev MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- cholinesterasy metabolismus MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- galantamin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- karnitin aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lékové interakce MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- mozek účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- vitamin B komplex aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- chemické bojové látky škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- cholinesterasy analýza izolace a purifikace krev MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- organofosfáty škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- sarin škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakty MeSH
