INTRODUCTION: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in communication, social interaction, and repetitive behavior. The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 resulted in significant changes in daily life due to restrictive measures. This period posed particular challenges for families with children living with autism, given the limitations in medical care and social services. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to understand how families with autistic children perceive stress during the pandemic and the coping strategies employed in unexpected situations. METHOD: A total of 44 families with children with ASD and 300 control families, including 44 control families in a matched subsample, were included in the study. To assess stress and parental coping with COVID-19-related stress, the Responses to Stress Questionnaire (Adult Self-Report RSQ-COVID-19) was utilized. RESULTS: Caregivers of autistic children experienced significantly higher stress levels (p = .027, d = 0.479) during the pandemic, with notable stressors such as limited access to medical care and challenges associated with remote work. Despite expectations, coping strategy differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Families and supporters of children with autism naturally encounter various experiences and challenges stemming from their additional needs. Our study's results highlight an accentuation of stress during challenging situations. As these situations may recur in the future, there is a need to design and implement support plans for these families, appropriate intervention programs, and preparations for the utilization of telemedicine tools.

• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická * MeSH
• COVID-19 * psychologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osoby pečující o pacienty psychologie   MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• poruchy autistického spektra * psychologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• psychický stres * psychologie   MeSH
• rodiče * psychologie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cyberhate is one of the online risks that adolescents can experience online. It is considered a content risk when it is unintentionally encountered and a conduct risk when the user actively searches for it. Previous research has not differentiated between these experiences, although they can concern different groups of adolescents and be connected to distinctive risk factors. To address this, our study first focuses on both unintentional and intentional exposure and investigates the individual-level risk factors that differentiate them. Second, we compare each exposed group of adolescents with those who were not exposed to cyberhate. We used survey data from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 6,033, aged 12-16 years, 50.3 percent girls) from eight European countries-Czechia, Finland, Flanders, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia-and conducted multinomial logistic regression. Our findings show that adolescents with higher sensation seeking, proactive normative beliefs about aggression (NBA), and who report cyberhate perpetration, are at higher risk of intentionally searching for cyberhate contents compared with those who are unintentionally exposed. In comparison with unexposed adolescents, reporting other risky experiences was a risk factor for both types of exposure. Furthermore, NBA worked differently-reactive NBA was a risk factor for intentional exposure, but proactive NBA did not play a role and even decreased the chance of unintentional exposure. Digital skills increased both types of exposure. Our findings stress the need to differentiate between intentional and unintentional cyberhate exposure and to examine proactive and reactive NBA separately.

• MeSH
• agrese * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Finsko MeSH

• Publikační typ
• tisková chyba MeSH

This study investigated the role of medium (face-to-face, cyber) and publicity (public, private) in adolescents' perceptions of severity and coping strategies (i.e., avoidant, ignoring, helplessness, social support seeking, retaliation) for victimization, while accounting for gender and cultural values. There were 3432 adolescents (ages 11-15, 49% girls) in this study; they were from China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and the United States. Adolescents completed questionnaires on individualism and collectivism, and ratings of coping strategies and severity for public face-to-face victimization, private face-to-face victimization, public cyber victimization, and private cyber victimization. Findings revealed similarities in adolescents' coping strategies based on perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium for some coping strategies (i.e., social support seeking, retaliation) but differential associations for other coping strategies (i.e., avoidance, helplessness, ignoring). The results of this study are important for prevention and intervention efforts because they underscore the importance of teaching effective coping strategies to adolescents, and to consider how perceptions of severity, publicity, and medium might influence the implementation of these coping strategies.

• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická MeSH
• chování mladistvých * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kyberšikana * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu * MeSH
• šikana * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Smartphones have recently become a major target for cybercriminals due to large amounts of sensitive data and credentials being stored on the devices. To protect themselves against cyberthreats, users can employ a range of security behaviors. Although research has largely focused on computer security, relatively little is known about personal smartphone security behavior. The goal of our study was to evaluate determinants of smartphone security behavior based on the combination of the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory. We extended the models by including the construct of general security orientation. We also developed a smartphone security behavior scale that measured various aspects of this behavior. The sample included 331 Czech Android smartphone users aged between 26 and 81 years who were not IT specialists by employment or education. Path analysis showed that individuals who perceived a potential smartphone security threat as more severe, had higher smartphone self-efficacy, and general orientation and interest in digital security, and less personal experience with a digital security incident reported more secure behavior on their smartphones. Perceived susceptibility to security threats and family and friends' previous experience with digital security incidents did not predict smartphone security behavior. General security orientation affected smartphone security behavior also indirectly through perceived severity. These findings have theoretical implications for the models and also emphasize the importance of general digital security awareness as well as smartphone training to increase smartphone security behavior.

• MeSH
• chytrý telefon * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• důvěrnost informací MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motivace * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zabezpečení počítačových systémů MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Adolescents who deal with more emotional problems have been found to seek escape online, and struggle with excessive internet use (EIU). Poor social relationships have been linked with emotional problems. The current study investigated positive family and school relationships as protective factors against emotional problems and a preference for online social interaction (POSI), both specified as mediators of the association of family and school relationships with EIU. Cross-cultural differences in the model were tested. METHODS: A multi-group SEM was tested on representative samples of 4104 adolescents (Mage = 14.40 years, SD = 1.65, range 12-17, 50% female) from four European countries from Southern, Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe (Italy, Norway, Czech Republic, and Serbia, respectively). RESULTS: Results suggested consistent associations across countries. Positive family relationships and positive school relationships were associated with lower EIU, with 63-64% of the effect of family, and 91-93% of the effect of school relationships mediated by emotional problems and POSI. CONCLUSIONS: Positive family and school relationships protect adolescents against excessive internet usage, regardless of culture and indirectly-through emotional problems and POSI.

• MeSH
• chování mladistvých psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• používání internetu statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rodinné vztahy psychologie   MeSH
• školy MeSH
• sociální izolace psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Itálie MeSH
• Norsko MeSH
• Srbsko MeSH

The authors' aim was to investigate gender and cultural differences in the attributions used to determine causality for hypothetical public and private face-to-face and cyber victimization scenarios among 3,432 adolescents (age range = 11-15 years; 49% girls) from China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and the United States, while accounting for their individualism and collectivism. Adolescents completed a questionnaire on cultural values and read four hypothetical victimization scenarios, including public face-to-face victimization, public cyber victimization, private face-to-face victimization, and private cyber victimization. After reading the scenarios, they rated different attributions (i.e., self-blame, aggressor-blame, joking, normative, conflict) according to how strongly they believed the attributions explained why victimization occurred. Overall, adolescents reported that they would utilize the attributions of self-blame, aggressor-blame, and normative more for public forms of victimization and face-to-face victimization than for private forms of victimization and cyber victimization. Differences were found according to gender and country of origin as well. Such findings underscore the importance of delineating between different forms of victimization when examining adolescents' attributions.

• MeSH
• chování mladistvých psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• internet MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu psychologie   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• šikana * MeSH
• sociální percepce * MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• vyrovnaná skupina MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Čína MeSH
• Indie MeSH
• Japonsko MeSH
• Kypr MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Although the research on cyberbullying has increased dramatically in recent years, still little is known about how cyberbullying participant groups (i.e., cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully-victims) differ from one another. This study aims to discriminate between these groups at an individual and relational level by controlling for age and gender. Self-control, offline aggression, and self-esteem are analyzed as individual-level variables. Parental attachment and peer rejection are involved as relational-level variables. A total of 2,092 Czech adolescents aged 12 to 18 were enrolled from a random sample of 34 primary and secondary schools located in the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic. Discriminant function analyses indicated that the participant groups are discriminated by two functions. The first function increases the separation between cyberbullies and cyberbully-victims from cybervictims, indicating that cyberbullies and cyberbully-victims are similar to each other in terms of low self-control, offline aggression, and gender, and have higher scores on measures of low self-esteem and offline aggression. However, cyberbully-victims had the highest scores on these measures. The second function discriminates between all three groups, which indicates that those variables included in the second function (i.e., parental attachment, peer rejection, self-esteem, and age) distinguish all three involved groups.

• MeSH
• agrese MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• psychologický odstup MeSH
• sebekontrola MeSH
• sebepojetí MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• šikana * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vliv vrstevnické skupiny MeSH
• vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

This study examined the bystander effect in cyberbullying. Using self-reported data from 257 Czech respondents who had witnessed a cyberbullying attack, we tested whether provided help decreased with increased number of other bystanders. We controlled for several individual and contextual factors, including empathy, social self-efficacy, empathic response to victimization, and relationship to the victim. Results showed that participants tend to help the victims more in incidents with only one or two other bystanders. We also found that, as in the "offline" realm, bystander effect is not linear: no significant differences were found between incidents with a moderate number (3-10) and a larger number of total bystanders. Our findings, thus, provide support for the presence of the bystander effect in cyberbullying.

• MeSH
• bystander efekt * MeSH
• chování mladistvých psychologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• internet * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• oběti zločinu psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• šikana statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• přihlížející,
• MeSH
• agrese MeSH
• bystander efekt MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• oběti zločinu MeSH
• šikana MeSH
• skupinová struktura * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH