In everyday life, we often view objects through a limited aperture (e.g., soccer players on TV or cars slipping into our blind spot on a busy road), where objects often move out of view and reappear in a different place later. We modelled this situation in a series of multiple object tracking (MOT) experiments, in which we introduced a cover on the edges of the observed area and manipulated its width. This method introduced systematic occlusions, which were longer than those used in previous MOT studies. Experiment 1 (N = 50) showed that tracking under such conditions is possible, although difficult. An item-level analysis confirmed that people made more errors in targets that were covered longer and more often. In Experiment 2 (N = 50), we manipulated the tracking workload and found that the participants were less affected by the cover when the tracking load was low. In Experiment 3 (N = 50), we asked the participants to keep track of the objects' identities (multiple identity tracking [MIT]). Although MIT is subjectively more demanding, memorising identities improved performance in the most difficult cover conditions. Contrary to previous reports, we also found that even partial occlusions negatively affected tracking.
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- lidé MeSH
- pozornost * MeSH
- vnímání pohybu * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Children with ADHD often tend to underperform in school. This partial study aimed to find out if the school experience of adults with higher ADHD symptomatology differs from those with lower and no ADHD symptomatology. METHOD: Based on the results of ASRS questionnaires, the respondents were divided into three groups (low, medium, and high) according to the manifested ADHD symptomatology. We explored their school experiences by looking at their grades for behavior at school, notes regarding their attendance, school expulsion, and other school experiences. RESULTS: Children with higher ADHD symptomatology were significantly more likely to be expelled, receive notes for bad behavior, disturbing or forgetting as well as receive reprimands from teachers. CONCLUSION: Our results show that children with increased ADHD symptomatology experience more difficulties with school behavior, they are frequently reprimanded, and they do receive more negative feedback regarding their attendance and tardiness from teachers.
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- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- školy MeSH
- studijní výsledky * MeSH
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- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
In recent years, the scientific community has called for improvements in the credibility, robustness and reproducibility of research, characterized by increased interest and promotion of open and transparent research practices. While progress has been positive, there is a lack of consideration about how this approach can be embedded into undergraduate and postgraduate research training. Specifically, a critical overview of the literature which investigates how integrating open and reproducible science may influence student outcomes is needed. In this paper, we provide the first critical review of literature surrounding the integration of open and reproducible scholarship into teaching and learning and its associated outcomes in students. Our review highlighted how embedding open and reproducible scholarship appears to be associated with (i) students' scientific literacies (i.e. students' understanding of open research, consumption of science and the development of transferable skills); (ii) student engagement (i.e. motivation and engagement with learning, collaboration and engagement in open research) and (iii) students' attitudes towards science (i.e. trust in science and confidence in research findings). However, our review also identified a need for more robust and rigorous methods within pedagogical research, including more interventional and experimental evaluations of teaching practice. We discuss implications for teaching and learning scholarship.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder frequently diagnosed between the ages 7 and 10 years. We measured ADHD symptomatology in a representative sample of the Czech population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data collection was performed in January 2019 through the European National Panel. The respondents completed a demographic questionnaire focusing on ADHD history and a standardized questionnaire, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) screener for ADHD symptomatology in adulthood. RESULTS: From the sample of 1,518 respondents, 3% of the respondents reported having been diagnosed with ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder in their lifetime. According to ASRS scoring, 119 respondents were classified as suspected ADHD. Overall, more males than females reported ADHD symptomatology. Age was also significantly associated with ASRS. Education status yielded no significant results. CONCLUSION: Our study documents that the prevalence of ADHD symptomatology in adults is comparable with that in Western countries despite the different historical and health care backgrounds.
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- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- zpráva o sobě MeSH
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- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Problém. Osoby s ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) vykazují řadu deficitů v oblasti exekutivních funkcí, které souvisí mimo jiné i s obtížemi ve vnímání času. Nedostatky v časové percepci byly prokázány u dětí i dospělých s ADHD. Vnímání času je obvykle měřeno kvantitativními metodami na velmi krátkých časových intervalech, které nesouvisí s uplatněním v každodenním životě. Metoda. Prezentovaná studie se smíšeným designem se proto zaměřuje na vnímání času v krátkých i dlouhých časových intervalech v kontextu vlastního reálného života zkoumaných osob. Studie prezentuje výsledky analýzy rozhovorů s 20 dospělými osobami s různou úrovní symptomů ADHD, které zahrnovaly 1) techniku čáry života a na ni navazující narativní rozhovor o významných událostech života a vnímání jejich časové souslednosti a 2) rozhovor o zvládání krátké zátěže s důrazem na subjektivní efektivitu copingových strategií. Tito respondenti byli vybráni na základě výsledků dotazníku ASRS měřící míru symptomatologie ADHD. Výsledky kvalitativní části byly srovnávány se zjištěními z kvantitativní analýzy vývoje scénáře situace obsahující motivační konflikt (N = 1518). Výsledky. Výsledky ukázaly, že osoby s projevy ADHD ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou v oblasti řešení životních situací souvisejících s časem volí častěji méně adaptivní řešení. Přesto ve vlastním životě byla většina z osob schopna uvést konkrétní copingové postupy, které se jim při zvládání zátěže osvědčují. Odlišnost však existovala s ohledem na míru kompenzovaných projevů ADHD. Jako osvědčený postup byla nejčastěji uváděna externí strukturace zátěžových aktivit (např. za pomocí grafické vizualizace).
Objectives. People with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) show a number of executive function deficits which are related, among other things, to difficulties in perceiving time. Deficiencies in time perception have been demonstrated in children and adults with ADHD. Perception of time is usually measured by quantitative methods at very short time intervals, which are not related to the application in everyday life. Methods. The presented mix-methods study, therefore, focuses on the perception of time in short and long intervals in the context of the actual real life of the subjects. The study presents the results of an analysis of interviews with 20 adults with varying levels of ADHD symptoms, which included 1) a life line technique and a follow-up narrative interview about significant life events and perceptions of their time sequence, and 2) a short stress management interview and subjective efficiency of coping strategies. The respondents were chosen based on their results in the ASRS questionnaire which measures the severity of ADHD symptomatology. The results of the qualitative part were compared with the findings from the quantitative analysis of the development of the scenario of a situation containing a motivational conflict (N = 1518). Results. The results showed that people with ADHD, compared to the control group, more often choose less adaptive solutions in the field of time-related life situations. Nevertheless, in their own lives, most of them were able to state specific procedures that work for them while coping with the burden of ADHD. However, there was a difference in the extent of ADHD symptomatology compensation. External structuring of stress activities (through graphic visualization, e.g.) was most often cited as the best practice.
The current study aimed to define and validate the criteria for characterizing possible and probable cognitive deficits based on the psychometric approach using the Uniform data set Czech version (UDS-CZ 2.0) to reduce the rate of misdiagnosis. We computed the prevalence of low scores on the 14 subtests of UDS-CZ 2.0 in a normative sample of healthy older adults and validated criteria for possible and probable cognitive impairment on the sample of amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients. The misclassification rate of the validation sample using psychometrically derived criteria remained low: for classification as possible impairment, we found 66-76% correct classification in the clinical sample and only 2-8% false positives in the healthy control validation sample, similar results were obtained for probable cognitive impairment. Our findings offer a psychometric approach and a computational tool to minimize the misdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment compared to traditional criteria for MCI.
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- lidé MeSH
- stipendia * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND Studies show neurological differences between patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls. Furthermore, it is possible that poor timing is linked with impairments in neural circuitry. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that there is a difference in time perception between adults with severe ADHD symptomatology and adults with no ADHD symptomatology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously, we collected data from a more extensive set of participants (n=1518) concerning the prevalence of ADHD in adulthood. We recruited participants from 3 groups defined by increasing ADHD severity out of this participant pool. Each participant was presented with 2 experimental tasks (in counterbalanced order): duration estimation and duration discrimination. RESULTS In general, we did not find any specific differences in time perception related to the severity of ADHD. Regarding duration estimation, we found that the difference between the actual and estimated durations increased with the actual duration (F(1, 7028.00)=2685.38, P<0.001). Although the differences between groups were not significant, the group×duration interaction was (F[1, 7028.00]=10.86, P<0.001), with a very small effect size (ηp2<0.001, 95% CI [0.00, 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that although individuals may demonstrate increased ADHD symptomatology, they may not have objectively more significant difficulties in time perception tasks than their counterparts with mild symptomatology. Nonetheless, time perception should be further studied because, as qualitative research suggests, participants with more severe ADHD symptomatology subjectively perceive more significant differences in time management in real life.
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- dospělí MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- vnímání času * MeSH
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- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
