BACKGROUND: Prevalence of oral mucosal fungal infections increases with the frequent administration of antibiotics, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Therapeutically used antifungals are usually associated with a variety of drug interactions. Furthermore, there has been a noticeable increase in microorganisms resistant to these preparations. Mucoadhesive buccal films represent a modern therapeutic system for the treatment of oral mucosal fungal infection paired with a high degree of patient compliance. Ciclopirox olamine applied directly onto the oral mucosa offers an attractive alternative to treatment with systemic antifungals thanks to its low incidence of resistance and side effects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of ciclopirox olamine after the buccal application of mucoadhesive film prepared by the solvent casting method. METHOD: A chromatographic method using an internal standard was developed and validated for evaluation of ciclopirox olamine plasma concentrations. Method accuracy was 88.5-104.6% and 89.5-99.7% for interday and intraday assays, respectively. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic properties of ciclopirox olamine were studied in New Zealand White rabbits. The mucoadhesive films containing ciclopirox olamine in a total dose of 34.4 (33.0; 35.9) mg kg-1 were applied to all the rabbits. Plasma ciclopirox olamine concentrations were determined during the 12 h following application. The time taken to reach maximum plasma concentration was 1.7 (1.1; 2.2) h after the drug administration with cmax 5.73 (4.18; 7.28) μg mL-1. Overall elimination half-life was 3.8 (1.9; 10.8) h. CONCLUSION: The experiment suggests that oral mucoadhesive film may be a valuable alternative ciclopirox olamine administration.
- MeSH
- antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování krev farmakokinetika MeSH
- aplikace bukální MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- pyridony aplikace a dávkování krev farmakokinetika MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The number of exotic companion pet rodents seen in veterinary practices is growing very rapidly. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association's surveys, more than 2,093,000 pet rodents were kept in US households in 2007 and in 2012 it was more than 2,349,000 animals. This article summarizes the most important evidence-based knowledge in exotic pet rodents (diagnostics of the hyperadrenocorticism in guinea pigs, pituitary tumors in rats, urolithiasis in guinea pigs, use of itopride as prokinetics, use of deslorelin acetate in rodents, cause of dental disease, and prevention of mammary gland tumors in rats).
- MeSH
- lékařská praxe založená na důkazech normy MeSH
- morčata * MeSH
- nemoci hlodavců diagnóza terapie MeSH
- veterinární lékařství normy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- morčata * MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Common reproductive problems in captive male lizards are hemipenile plugs in hemipenial sac, unilateral prolapse of hemipenis, or bilateral prolapse of hemipene. Although the orchiectomy is performed as a treatment for testicular disease, the effectiveness in reducing aggressive behavior is unclear. Female captive lizards suffer from cloacal prolapse, preovulatory follicular stasis, or dystocia. The veterinarian must differentiate between the disorders because the treatment differs. Mating, physical, or visual contact with the male stimulates ovulation and prevents preovulatory follicular stasis. Surgical intervention is usually required for dystocia. This article discusses selected procedures and use of ultrasonography and diagnostic endoscopy.
- MeSH
- ještěři anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- kladení vajíček MeSH
- reprodukční lékařství MeSH
- veterinární lékařství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
To assess the importance of wild birds as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens in Austria and the Czech Republic, we sampled 1,325 wild birds representing 13 orders, 32 families, and 81 species. The majority belonged to orders Columbiformes (43%), Passeriformes (25%), and to birds of prey: Accipitriformes, Strigiformes, and Falconiformes (15%). We collected cloacal swabs from 1,191 birds for bacterial culture and 1,214 triple swabs (conjunctiva, choana, cloaca) for DNA and RNA isolation. The cloacal swabs were processed by classical bacteriologic methods for isolation of Escherichia coli , Salmonella spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Nucleic acids isolated from triple swabs were investigated by PCR for West Nile virus, avian influenza viruses, and Chlamydia spp. We also tested tissue samples from 110 fresh carcasses for Mycobacterium spp. by PCR and we cultured fresh droppings from 114 birds for Cryptococcus spp. The most-frequently detected zoonotic bacteria were thermophilic Campylobacter spp. (12.5%) and Chlamydia spp. (10.3%). From 79.2% of the sampled birds we isolated E. coli , while 8.7% and 0.2% of E. coli isolates possessed the virulence genes for intimin (eaeA) and Shiga toxins (stx1and stx2), respectively. Salmonella spp. were rarely found in the sampled birds (2.2%), similar to findings of MRSA (0.3%). None of the samples were positive for Cryptococcus neoformans , Mycobacterium spp., avian influenza viruses, or West Nile virus.
- MeSH
- Campylobacter izolace a purifikace MeSH
- divoká zvířata * MeSH
- Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace MeSH
- methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- ptáci mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Rakousko MeSH
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky aplikace a dávkování krev farmakokinetika MeSH
- injekce intramuskulární veterinární MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- penicilin G aplikace a dávkování krev farmakokinetika MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Chameleon teeth develop as individual structures at a distance from the developing jaw bone during the pre-hatching period and also partially during the post-hatching period. However, in the adult, all teeth are fused together and tightly attached to the jaw bone by mineralized attachment tissue to form one functional unit. Tooth to bone as well as tooth to tooth attachments are so firm that if injury to the oral cavity occurs, several neighbouring teeth and pieces of jaw can be broken off. We analysed age-related changes in chameleon acrodont dentition, where ankylosis represents a physiological condition, whereas in mammals, ankylosis only occurs in a pathological context. The changes in hard-tissue morphology and mineral composition leading to this fusion were analysed. For this purpose, the lower jaws of chameleons were investigated using X-ray micro-computed tomography, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and microprobe analysis. For a long time, the dental pulp cavity remained connected with neighbouring teeth and also to the underlying bone marrow cavity. Then, a progressive filling of the dental pulp cavity by a mineralized matrix occurred, and a complex network of non-mineralized channels remained. The size of these unmineralized channels progressively decreased until they completely disappeared, and the dental pulp cavity was filled by a mineralized matrix over time. Moreover, the distribution of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium showed distinct patterns in the different regions of the tooth-bone interface, with a significant progression of mineralization in dentin as well as in the supporting bone. In conclusion, tooth-bone fusion in chameleons results from an enhanced production of mineralized tissue during post-hatching development. Uncovering the developmental processes underlying these outcomes and performing comparative studies is necessary to better understand physiological ankylosis; for that purpose, the chameleon can serve as a useful model species.
The aim of the presented research was the preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of mucoadhesive oral films containing nystatin. Multivariate data analysis was used to evaluate an innovative approach, in which a combination of different mucoadhesive polymers was employed. The purpose of this was to assess the effects of such a combination on non-woven insoluble carmellose textile as a drug-release modifier in the structure of the film. It was observed that the mucoadhesive films prepared using polyethylene oxide were more plastic, showed less mechanical resistance and shorter in vitro residence time in comparison with films containing sodium carmellose. The textile used in films containing sodium carmellose significantly prolonged both in vitro and in vivo residence times in rabbits from 50 ± 4 min until 74 ± 4 min and from 48 ± 6 until 80 ± 4 min, respectively. A higher degree of substitution by the acid carboxymethyl group of the textile resulted in slower nystatin dissolution, longer in vitro and in vivo residence times, and higher tensile strength. Textural parameters tensile strength and tensile deformation in conjunction with linear discriminant analysis were able to distinguish the degree of substitution of the textile due to its impact on the studied parameters.
- MeSH
- adhezivita MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- léčivé přípravky MeSH
- nosiče léků chemie MeSH
- nystatin terapeutické užití MeSH
- orální kandidóza * farmakoterapie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- polymery chemie terapeutické užití MeSH
- systémy cílené aplikace léků MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- textilie MeSH
- ústní sliznice metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Ophthalmic diseases are common in rabbits and rodents. Fast and definitive diagnosis is imperative for successful treatment of ocular diseases. Ophthalmic examination in rabbits and rodents can be challenging. Oculoscopy offers great magnification for the examination of the ocular structures in such animals, including the evaluation of cornea, anterior eye chamber, limbus, iris, lens, and retina. To date, oculoscopy has been described only sporadically and/or under experimental conditions. This article describes the oculoscopy technique, normal and abnormal ocular findings, and the most common eye disorders diagnosed with the aid of endoscopy in rabbits and rodents.
- MeSH
- hlodavci anatomie a histologie MeSH
- králíci anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nemoci hlodavců diagnóza MeSH
- oči anatomie a histologie MeSH
- oční nemoci diagnóza veterinární MeSH
- oftalmoskopy veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Pulmonoscopy is a practical diagnostic tool for investigating respiratory diseases in snakes. Two different approaches exist for pulmonoscopy, tracheal and transcutaneous. The access to the proximal or distal lung is limited by the length and diameter of the endoscope when using the tracheal approach. The transcutaneous approach allows direct evaluation of the lung and distal trachea through the air sac. Both of the methods are safe, and specific contraindications for pulmonoscopy in snakes are not known except for any anesthesia contraindication.
- MeSH
- diagnostické techniky dýchacího ústrojí veterinární MeSH
- endoskopie metody veterinární MeSH
- hadi * MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy diagnóza veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Ear disease is a common disorder seen in exotic companion mammals, especially in ferrets, rabbits, and rats. This article describes patient preparation, equipment, and video otoscopy technique in exotic companion mammals. This noninvasive technique facilitates accurate diagnosis of diseases affecting the external ear canal or middle ear. Moreover, therapeutic otoscopic evaluation of the external ear facilitates foreign body removal, external ear canal flushing, intralesional drug administration, myringotomy, and middle ear cavity flushing.
- MeSH
- audiovizuální záznam metody MeSH
- domácí zvířata * MeSH
- exotická zvířata * MeSH
- nemoci ucha diagnóza terapie veterinární MeSH
- otoskopie metody veterinární MeSH
- savci anatomie a histologie MeSH
- ucho anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
