Many experiments were performed to obtain in vitro in vivo correlations for different drugs and formulations. Most of the correlations involve orally administered medical forms and those with prolonged release of the drug. Most of the informative and recommendable in vitro in vivo correlations are those at level A. If the correlation is not possible, a multiple correlation at level C is performed, then those at levels C and B and finally the correlation at level D. The drug dissolution data correlate well with those of drug absorption in the case of establishing the correlation at level A. Although many correlations at levels B and C were weak, good correlations could be also obtained. For immediate release preparations, correlation at level A is recommended. Correlations at level C are appropriate providing especially for preparations with immediate release of the drug, where it is difficult to establish a correlation at level A. Multiple correlations at level C are acceptable and comparable with those at level A IVIVC, but are not suitable for products with immediate release of the drug.
- Klíčová slova
- in vitro - in vivo,
- MeSH
- absorpce MeSH
- aplikace orální * MeSH
- biofarmacie * klasifikace normy MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- ekonomika farmaceutická trendy MeSH
- farmakokinetika * MeSH
- farmakoterapie trendy MeSH
- hodnocení léčiv MeSH
- léčivé přípravky klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- léky s prodlouženým účinkem * farmakokinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolická clearance MeSH
- rozpustnost * MeSH
- schvalování léčiv MeSH
- statistické modely * MeSH
- terapeutická ekvivalence MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
BACKGROUND: The aim of this basic study was to investigate by scanning electron microscopy the effects of cytoskeleton inhibitors on conidiogenesis and capsule in the yeast Fellomyces fuzhouensis CBS 8243, related to Cryptococcus neoformans. METHODS: Cells were treated by methyl benzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate (BCM) and latrunculin A (LAT) in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium and examined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: During conidiogenesis, mother cells covered by capsule formed hypha-like stalks and at the hyphal tip yeast-like conidium developed. LAT blocked both stages of conidiogenesis. Inhibited mother cells and conidia became spherical and their capsule disappeared. BCM did not block formation of conidia that were neckless, or affect capsule. Combined application of LAT and BCM blocked both stages of conidiogenesis, cells became spherical and their capsule disappeared. CONCLUSION: Yeast cells with disrupted actin cytoskeleton do not reproduce by conidiogenesis and do not retain inherited cell shape and capsule.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota účinky léků ultrastruktura MeSH
- bicyklické sloučeniny heterocyklické farmakologie MeSH
- cytoskelet účinky léků ultrastruktura MeSH
- mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací metody MeSH
- spory hub účinky léků ultrastruktura MeSH
- thiazolidiny farmakologie MeSH
- tvar buňky účinky léků MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Microtubular and actin cytoskeletons were investigated in the lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis by fluorescence and electron microscopy. To detect microtubules by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal anti-tubulin antibody, a prolonged incubation with lysing enzymes was necessary due to its very thick cell wall. Cytoplasmic microtubules were detected in interphase and a spindle with astral microtubules was seen in M-phase. The disintegration of cytoplasmic microtubules and migration of the nucleus to the bud before mitosis were characteristic features of the basidiomycetous yeast Malassezia pachydermatis. The visualisation of F-actin structures (patches, cables and cytokinetic rings) by fluorescence microscopy using both monoclonal anti-actin antibody and rhodamine-phalloidin failed, but actin was detected by electron microscopy with immunogold labelling. Clusters of gold particles indicating actin structures were detected at the plasma membrane of cells with unique cortical ultrastructural features characteristic of the genus Malassezia. A possible association of these with the actin cytoskeleton is suggested.
- MeSH
- aktiny ultrastruktura MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- buněčný cyklus MeSH
- cytoskelet metabolismus ultrastruktura MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
- imunohistochemie MeSH
- Malassezia ultrastruktura MeSH
- mikrotomie MeSH
- mikrotubuly ultrastruktura MeSH
- mrazové lámání MeSH
2. přeprac. a rozšířené vyd. 64 s. : il. ; 34 cm
- Konspekt
- Výchova a vzdělávání
- NLK Obory
- zdravotní výchova
- biologie
- genetika, lékařská genetika
- NLK Publikační typ
- učebnice vysokých škol
