PURPOSE: This study provides an insight on the extent of muscular variability at the suprascapular notch and elaborates on its anatomical interference in suprascapular nerve arthroscopic decompression procedures. METHODS: The suprascapular notch was dissected and its muscular topography was observed in 115 cadaveric specimens. High resolution imaging of the suprascapular notch was captured by a handheld digital microscope (Q-scope). The supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles were traced as they course at the suprascapular notch vicinity. The omohyoid muscle attachment onto the suprascapular ligament was measured. A scoping review and meta-analysis were done to investigate the observed rare muscular variants. RESULTS: In 3.48%, the suprascapular notch anterior surface was fully covered by the subscapularis muscle. The omohyoid muscle inserted onto the suprascapular ligament in 31.25% and extended up to 3/4th of the suprascapular ligament length in 2.61%. Two rare variant muscles were encountered: subclavius posticus muscle and a newly reported "coracoscapularis muscle". CONCLUSIONS: Four categories of muscles with topographical relationship to the suprascapular notch and its arthroscopic feasibility have been classified: (1) constant muscles not intervening with the suprascapular notch space - supraspinatus muscle; (2) constant muscles with variable positions that can intervene with the suprascapular notch space - subscapularis muscle; (3) constant muscles with variable positions that can intervene with the surgical approach - omohyoid muscle; (4) variable muscles intervening with the suprascapular notch space and surgical approach - subclavius posticus and coracoscapularis muscles. This study elucidates the necessity to assess/secure the omohyoid muscle attachment onto the suprascapular ligament in suprascapular nerve decompression ligamentectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V Basic Science Research.
- MeSH
- anatomická variace * MeSH
- artroskopie * metody MeSH
- chirurgická dekomprese metody MeSH
- kosterní svaly * inervace anatomie a histologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lopatka inervace anatomie a histologie MeSH
- mrtvola * MeSH
- ramenní kloub inervace chirurgie anatomie a histologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PURPOSE: Discrepancy between the morphology of the acetabular margin and the design of hemispheric acetabular cups used in total hip arthroplasty may produce postoperative hip pain due to an iliopsoas impingement at the iliopsoas notch. This study aimed to determine the anatomical features of the iliopsoas notch in the Central European sample, and to test whether the morphology of the proximal femur affects the size of the iliopsoas notch. METHODS: The sample was composed of 40 matched pairs of dry hip bones and corresponding femora. The depth and length of the iliopsoas notch were measured and correlated with the available demographic data. The anthropometric parameters of the proximal femur were calculated using image-analysis software, and their association with the measurements of the iliopsoas notch was tested. RESULTS: The iliopsoas notch was present in all specimens and featured four morphological configurations: curved (61.3%), angular (16.2%), irregular (16.2%), and straight (6.3%). Its size was found to be larger in males (P = 0.014 for depth, P < 0.001 for length). No significant difference existed between the sides. The height and age of the specimens did not correlate with the size of the iliopsoas notch. Furthermore, neither the femoral neck version, the lesser trochanteric version, nor the angle between the neck of the femur and the lesser trochanter influenced the dimensions of the iliopsoas notch. CONCLUSION: The iliopsoas notch is a consistent landmark of the acetabulum, although its anatomical appearance is widely variable. The iliopsoas notch arrangement cannot be predicted perioperatively based on the morphology of the proximal femur. The various shapes and sex-related differences detected in this study could be used for designing new hip implants or could be utilized during cup positioning in total hip arthroplasty.
- MeSH
- acetabulum * anatomie a histologie MeSH
- dolní končetina MeSH
- femur chirurgie MeSH
- kosterní svaly chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náhrada kyčelního kloubu * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Several accessory bones can be found around the wrist, which may pose a diagnostic challenge. Hereby, we report a unique case of a traumatic fracture of an aberrant os styloideum in a 66-year-old male. The patient presented with a swollen dominant right hand and a hematoma on its anterior and posterior aspects, as a result of a fall on an outstretched hand. The diagnosis was based on a CT scan, which showed a fractured accessory bone between the distal portion of the capitate bone and the base of the third metacarpus. Due to its typical location, the ossicle was identified as os styloideum. The patient was treated conservatively and the symptoms subsided on a short forearm cast after 2 weeks. At a 12-month follow-up, no other episodes were declared. Strong anatomical knowledge and sharing of such cases is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment of this very rare condition.
- MeSH
- fraktury kostí * MeSH
- kosti zápěstní * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- úrazy pádem MeSH
- zápěstní kloub MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
Although the term articularis cubiti muscle is incorporated in the official anatomical nomenclature, only sparse data about its appearance are available. It is usually described as few fibres originating from the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle and inserting to the capsule of the elbow joint. However, the most recent observations regarding the morphological relations in the posterior elbow region point towards the absence of a well-defined muscle. Therefore, this study was designed to verify the existence of the articularis cubiti muscle in question and to compile more data on the topographical features of the subtricipital area near the posterior aspect of the elbow. To address these questions, 20 embalmed upper limbs were dissected, and seven samples were collected for histological analysis. The laboratory findings were then correlated with 20 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the elbow. Consequently, a narrative review of literature was performed to gain more information on the discussed muscle in a historical context. Upon the anatomical dissection, muscular fibres running from the posterior aspect of the shaft of the humerus to the elbow joint capsule and olecranon were identified in 100% of cases. Histologically, the connection with the joint capsule was provided via winding bands of connective tissue. On MRIs, the muscular fibres resembled a well-demarcated thin muscle located underneath the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle. Combined with the review of literature, we concluded that the constant articularis cubiti muscle originates from the posterior shaft of the humerus and attaches indirectly to the posterior aspect of the elbow joint capsule and directly to the superior portion of the olecranon. The obtained results slightly differ from the modern description, but are in agreement with the original publication, which has become misinterpreted throughout time. Presumably, the misused description has led to questioning the existence of an independent muscle. Moreover, our findings attribute to the articularis cubiti muscle, a function in pulling on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint capsule to prevent its entrapment, and possibly also a minor role in extension of the forearm. The presented results should be taken into consideration when intervening with the posterior aspect of the elbow joint because the articularis cubiti muscle poses a consistently appearing landmark.
BACKGROUND: Together with an increased interest in minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine goes a demand for detailed anatomical descriptions of the lumbar plexus. Although definitions of safe zones and essential descriptions of topographical anatomy have been presented in several studies, the existing literature expects standard appearance of the neural structures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the variability of the extrapsoas portion of the lumbar plexus in regard to the lateral transpsoas approach. METHODS: A total of 260 lumbar regions from embalmed cadavers were utilized in this study. The specimens were dissected as per protocol and all nerves from the lumbar plexus were morphologically evaluated. RESULTS: The most common variation of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves was fusion of these two nerves (9.6%). Nearly in the half of the cases (48.1%) the genitofemoral nerve left the psoas major muscle already divided into the femoral and genital branches. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was the least variable one as it resembled its normal morphology in 95.0% of cases. Regarding the variant origins of the femoral nerve, there was a low formation outside the psoas major muscle in 3.8% of cases. The obturator nerve was not variable at its emergence point but frequently branched (40.4%) before entering the obturator canal. In addition to the proper femoral and obturator nerves, accessory nerves were present in 12.3% and 9.2% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Nerves of the lumbar plexus frequently show atypical anatomy outside the psoas major muscle. The presented study provides a compendious information source of the possibly encountered neural variations during retroperitoneal access to different segments of the lumbar spine.
- MeSH
- bederní obratle * chirurgie anatomie a histologie MeSH
- bederní svaly * anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- miniinvazivní chirurgické výkony metody MeSH
- mrtvola * MeSH
- nervus femoralis anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- nervus obturatorius anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- plexus lumbosacralis * anatomie a histologie chirurgie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Úvod: Přístup ke zlomeninám zadního kotníku doznal v posledních letech velkého pokroku, především na podkladě Bartoníček-Rammeltovy klasifikace, vycházející z CT vyšetření. Cílem této studie je dokumentovat rozvoj těchto trendů na našem pracovišti. Metody: Retrospektivně bylo analyzováno 66 pacientů se zlomeninou zadního kotníku, řešených na našem pracovišti operačně v letech 2020 a 2021. Tito pacienti byli klasifikováni podle Lauge-Hansenovy klasifikace a v případě provedení CT dle Bartoníček-Rammeltovy klasifikace. Výsledky: CT vyšetření proběhlo u 30 pacientů (45,45 %), které jsme rozřadili podle Bartoníček-Rammeltovy klasifikace (typ I přítomen ve 2 případech, typ II v 7 případech, typ III ve 12 případech a typ IV v 9 případech). Nejhorší výsledky léčby jsme zaznamenali u pacientů bez specifické fixace zadního kotníku typu III dle Bartoníček-Rammelta. Závěr: Z našich výsledků vyplývá postupná tendence k navyšování CT vyšetření mezi lety 2020 a 2021, která byla v těchto letech stále nedostatečná, a proto jsme zvýšili naši snahu o indikování CT vyšetření. Dále se ukazuje problematičnost neadekvátního ošetření zlomeniny typu III dle Bartoníček-Rammeltovy klasifikace, která byla v našem vzorku překvapivě vysoká a byla provázena vysokou mírou komplikací. Důvodem neadekvátního ošetření těchto na CT diagnostikovaných zlomenin je zdráhavé přebírání moderních terapeutických postupů operatéry. To ukazuje na nutnost dlouhodobé a intenzivní osvěty na všech typech pracovišť včetně těch s primární specializací na chirurgii hlezna a nohy.
Introduction: The management of posterior malleolus fractures has experienced notable advancements in recent years, predominantly driven by the CT-based Bartoníček-Rammelt classification. This study aims to systematically document the evolving trends in the approach to these fractures within the context of our institution. Methods: A comprehensive retrospective analysis was undertaken involving 66 patients who underwent surgical intervention for posterior malleolus fractures at our institution during the years 2020 and 2021. Patient classification was conducted based on the Lauge-Hansen classification, with additional categorization according to the Bartoníček-Rammelt classification in instances where CT scans were performed. Results: CT examinations were performed in 30 patients (45.45%); according to the Bartoníček-Rammelt classification they revealed type I in 2 cases, type II in 7 cases, type III in 12 cases, and type IV in 9 cases. Patients lacking specific fixation for type III posterior malleolus fractures, as per the Bartoníček-Rammelt classification, exhibited the most unfavorable treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Our findings elucidate a progressive trend in the utilization of CT examinations between 2020 and 2021, although this escalation remained insufficient during this period. Consequently, we have intensified efforts to advocate for increased use of CT scans. The issues with not optimally treated type III fractures, as classified by Bartoníček-Rammelt, are quite clear from our study. We were surprised by how often these cases occurred, and they often led to more complications. These fractures diagnosed by CT scans were not treated optimally, as surgeons tend to be reluctant in adopting modern treatment procedures. This emphasizes the importance of ongoing and thorough education in all kinds of healthcare settings, including those that specialize in ankle and foot surgery.
- Klíčová slova
- Bartoníček-Rammeltova klasifikace,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fraktury kotníku * chirurgie diagnostické zobrazování klasifikace MeSH
- hlezenní kloub diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vnitřní fixace fraktury MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Úvod: Volkmannova ischemická kontraktura (VIK) je závažné a invalidizující poranění zapříčiněné nekrózou tkání v důsledku omezeného prokrvení končetiny. V průběhu let se VIK stala v prostředí rozvinutých zemí vzácnou jednotkou s mnoha rozdílnými etiologiemi. Vysoký výskyt rozvinuté VIK v naší klinické praxi v Nepálu byl velmi alarmující, a proto jsme provedli podrobnou analýzu k popsání celé problematiky. Metody: V průběhu šesti let jsme nasbírali vzorek 47 případů VIK, u kterých jsme zaznamenali věk, pohlaví, příčinu VIK, místo primárního ošetření dobu trvání a závažnost. Následně jsme srovnali tyto charakteristiky napříč nepálskými provinciemi a vytvořili mapu problematických regionů. Výsledky: Z celkového počtu 47 případů, šlo 46 předejít včasným ošetřením. Nejčastější příčinou byla příliš těsná sádrová fixace v 25 případech (53,19 %) následována neúmyslně způsobeným sebepoškozením pacientem aplikováním příliš těsného obvazu v 21 případech (44,68 %). Většina případů byla způsobena v provincii č. 6 (29,78 %). V našem vzorku byly 3 lehké případy (6,4 %), 35 středně závažných (74,5 %) a 9 závažných (19,1 %). Pouze ve 14 případech (19,78 %) byla provedena včasná fasciotomie. Závěr: VIK je v prostředí rozvojových zemí snadno předejitelná komplikace kompartment syndrome. Pozornost by měla být směřována především k prevenci – v našem vzorku šlo předejít 97,87 % případů kvalitní primární péčí. V prostředí Nepálu vzniká nejvíce VIK v provincii č. 6 a č. 3.
Introduction: Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture (VIC) is a disabling condition resulting from tissue necrosis due to impaired vascular supply to the limb. Over the years VIC has become rare in developed countries with many different aetiologies described. It was alarming to have high incidence of established VIC in our practice in Nepal. A detailed analysis was conducted to accurately describe this issue. Methods: We collected 47 cases of VIC over six years and noted the age, sex, district of origin and cause of VIC, duration of injury to presentation, and the grade of VIC. Then we compared these characteristics of VIC of each Nepal province and created a map to show the problematic regions. Results: Out of 47 patients, 46 could have been prevented by an early treatment. The most common cause was a tight cast in 25 patients (53.19%), followed by unintentionally self-caused VIC by applying tight bandages in 21 patients (44.68%). Most cases came from province 6 (29.78%). Our group included three mild (6.4%), 35 moderate (74.5%) and nine severe (19.1%) cases of VIC. Only 14 cases (29.78%) had a timely fasciotomy in the past. Conclusion: VIC is an irreversible complication of the compartment syndrome which is an easily preventable condition in the setting of developing countries. Our focus should, therefore, aim at preventing such disastrous conditions as 97.87% of cases we encountered could have been avoided by proper primary care. In the case of Nepal most cases came from province 6 and province 3.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epidemiologické studie MeSH
- externí fixátory škodlivé účinky MeSH
- ischemická kontraktura * chirurgie epidemiologie etiologie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- poškození pacienta škodlivé účinky MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- rozvojové země MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nepál MeSH
PURPOSE: The accessory bones around the elbow are very rare variant structures, present in approximately 0.7% of cases. They can cause diagnostic problems and can be mistaken for pathological structures, especially when pain and limitation of elbow movements are present and a trauma can be traced in the patient's history. They are of different nature, either presenting within muscle tendons as sesamoids (brachialis and triceps brachii muscles) or presenting intra-articularly probably as separated or accessory ossification centres. The least common is the os supratrochleare anterius. METHODS: We present a case of a young male, featuring chronic blocking and 20° limited flexion of his right elbow, which bothered him during his occupation as a locksmith. In history, he suffered minor trauma to the elbow 20 years ago. X-ray and CT showed a large ossicle in the coronoid fossa of the humerus. RESULTS: The ossicle was surgically extracted in small pieces. The patient left satisfied with no mention of complaints. CONCLUSION: The os supratrochleare anterius is a very rare accessory bone of the elbow, located in the coronoid fossa of the humerus which can mimic many pathological states, and limit movements and causing pain around the elbow.
The palmaris profundus muscle is a rare anatomical variation of the forearm muscles. It has been described in both cadaveric and clinical studies as a possible cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. We observed three cases of this variant in recent years and decided to perform a scoping review of this uncommon anatomical entity. Major databases were searched to identify all relevant clinical and anatomical studies containing anatomical descriptions of the muscle, including its origin, insertion, and concomitant presence of the proper palmaris longus muscle or the bifid median nerve. In clinical cases, we studied the surgical approach. Sixty-four articles met our inclusion criteria and contained 88 cases of palmaris profundus muscle. The most common origin was the ventral aspect of the radius in the area of insertion of the pronator teres muscle observed in 11 cases (12.5 %). We found 65 cases (73.3%) in which the tendon was inserted into the palmar aponeurosis or palmar fascia after entering the carpal canal. The concomitant presence of the proper palmaris longus muscle was described in 47 cases (53.4%). We identified 10 cases (10.8%) of the bifid median nerve. In 49 of 69 clinical cases (71%), the surgical approach was to resect the variant muscle. The importance of this variant should not be underestimated due to its potential to compress the median nerve. We found a significant disparity in the muscle origin sites, but uniformity of muscle insertion. In cases where the muscle is found during carpal canal surgery, it should be partially resected to ensure complete nerve decompression.
There are many osseous variants that occur around the elbow joint such as supracondylar process, supratrochlear foramen, accessory ossicles, and others. Scientific databases were searched for variants around the elbow joint. Elbow radiographs from our center demonstrating some of these findings were included in the study. The aim of the present review was to provide comprehensive information on the terminology, prevalence, history, etiology, and clinical importance of these variants. These anatomical variants are important for radiologists while interpreting radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for trauma and orthopedic surgeons during osteosynthesis at the distal humerus, proximal ulna, and radius.
