OBJECTIVE: Previous studies indicated associations between cesarean section (CS), breastfeeding, and depressive symptoms. There is, however, little research integrating these variables into one model to analyze their interrelations. The aim of this observational prospective longitudinal study is to examine whether the effect of CS on postpartum depressive symptoms is mediated by difficulties with breastfeeding. METHODS: The participants were recruited in 5 maternity hospitals during their prenatal medical check-ups. Breastfeeding status was self-reported by the mothers six weeks postpartum. Screening for depressive symptoms was performed at six weeks (N = 404) and nine months (N = 234) postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Path analysis was used to model the relations between CS, breastfeeding, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: No direct effects of CS on depressive symptoms at six weeks or nine months postpartum were found. CS was associated with a lower probability of exclusive breastfeeding, which was, in turn, associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms six weeks postpartum. The analysis stratified by type of CS revealed that the effect on breastfeeding only occurred with emergency, not planned, CS. The effect of CS on breastfeeding was noticeably stronger in women without versus with a history of depression. CONCLUSION: Emergency CS predicts breastfeeding difficulties, which are, in turn, associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Support should be provided to mothers with emergency CS and breastfeeding problems to reduce the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period.
- MeSH
- císařský řez škodlivé účinky MeSH
- deprese diagnóza MeSH
- kojení * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- matky MeSH
- poporodní deprese * diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- poporodní období MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Background: Increases in early sport specialization, professionalization of youth sports, and leisure opportunities have led to growing numbers of youth dropping out of competitive sport. Understanding youth sport motivation and reasons for dropout is essential to crafting national federation policy, finance, and strategy decisions, as well as for clubs in aiding youth to reach their maximum potential. Objective: The study explored the leisure constraints perceived by former Czech youth football players as their main reasons for dropout. Based on leisure constraints theory, the hierarchical relationship between structural, intrapersonal, and interpersonal constraints was analyzed.Methods: A modified Czech version of Gould et al.'s Questionnaire of Reasons for Attrition (1982) was used to survey former Czech football players who dropped out between the ages of 13 and 18 years old. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to determine the relative prevalence of, and hierarchical relationship between, leisure constraints. Results: The participants' reasons for attrition were grouped into six factors corresponding to intrapersonal constraints (Low interest, Perceived low skills), interpersonal constraints (Team climate and the coach, Peer relationships) and structural constraints (Lacking family resources, External costs/low rewards). The participants most frequently reported interpersonal constraints (Team climate and the coach) and intrapersonal constraints (Low interest and Perceived low skills). Peer relationships significantly predicted intrapersonal constraints, including Perceived low skills (β = .482, p = .050) and Low interest (β = .914, p = .013); and Team climate and the coach significantly predicted Perceived low skills (β = .245, p = .036). Conclusions: Our results emphasize the importance of intrapersonal constraints and interpersonal constraints related to the team climate as the most significant reasons for dropout in Czech youth football. Based on these findings, we conclude that the coach, including coaching education, is the best place for the federation and clubs to address attrition in Czech football.
Background: From the perspective of achievement goal orientation theory, athletes may evaluate their performance by comparing current achievements with previous achievements (task orientation) or with those of other athletes (ego orientation); these two orientations may affect their sport motivation and performance outcomes in different ways. Objective: Based on a sample of competitive Czech beach volleyball players, this study aimed to assess the relationships among achievement goal orientations (task/ego), sport motivation (represented by intrinsic motivation, extrinsic regulation, and amotivation), and athletes' competitive performance. Methods: A total of 128 beach volleyball players (63 men and 65 women, age 26 ± 6.27 years, range 14-42 years) from the highest Czech national competition participated in the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire battery included the Sport Motivation Scale-6 as a measure of self-determined sport motivation and the Perception of Success Questionnaire as a measure of achievement goal orientation. We used multiple linear regression models to assess the relationships among achievement goal orientations, different types of sports motivation, and athletes' performance in sports competition measured by their point averages at the end of the season. Results: In regression models, we observed different effects of task and ego orientations on dependent variables, including intrinsic motivation, external regulation and athletes' competitive performance. Specifically, we found a highly significant effect of task orientation in the model of intrinsic motivation (ß = .522, p < .001, R2 = .255) and a highly significant effect of ego orientation in the model of external regulation (ß = .394, p < .001, R2 = .132). Furthermore, we found a significant effect of ego orientation in the model of athletes' competitive performance (ß = .239, p = .005, R2 = .122). Conclusions: We assume that task and ego orientations contribute to different outcomes in competitive athletes, with task orientation supporting athletes' interest in and enjoyment of the sport and ego orientation supporting athletes' external regulation and performance in competition. Based on self-determination theory, task orientation may affect intrinsic motivation through the satisfaction of the basic needs of autonomy, relatedness and competence. At the same time, ego orientation may support less self-determined motivation but may also represent an advantage in the highly competitive environment of elite sports.
- Klíčová slova
- soutěživost,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- motivace MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychologie sportu * MeSH
- sportovci psychologie MeSH
- volejbal MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
In this paper, we implemented a methodological framework of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and a theoretical conceptualization of multiple selves to explore the subjective accounts of six amateur bodybuilders using appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs (APEDs). The participants made sense of their bodybuilding careers and experiences with APEDs in a way that showed a multiplicity and complexity of reasons for using APEDs, which stemmed from tensions they perceived between the context of bodybuilding and other life domains. The participants' reasons for the use of APEDs included not only enhancing their body, appearance and performance but also enhancing other subjectively important psychological characteristics, such as agency and self-control, the development of knowledge and expertise, sense of meaning, well-being, and quality of life. In the analysis, we integrated these themes through the concept of the "extraordinary self," based on which our participants strived for self-actualization through bodybuilding and the use of APEDs. In the sense making of our participants, a potential "exit point" subverting their APED use emerged from a tension between such "extraordinary selves" and the "ordinary selves" through which they perceived APEDs as preventing them from living normal, balanced lives outside the context of bodybuilding. However, success in balancing the two selves also created the possibility of the future use of APEDs.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
There are consistent associations between physical activity and self-perceived health. However, it is not clear whether associations between self-perceived health and participation in physical activity could be accounted for by associations with cognitive function. In the present study, we examined whether associations between physical activity and cognitive functioning could explain the variability between physical activity and self-perceived health. A sample of 204 older adults performed three cognitive tests selected from the Vienna test system battery: The Determination, Cognitrone, and Visual Memory tests. These tests measure general processing speed, attention, and visual memory, respectively. Participants also completed the 12-item Short Form Health Questionnaire SF-12 to measure perceived health, and the Physical Activity Survey for the Elderly to measure physical activity. Linear regressions and the PROCESS macro for SPSS were used to test our hypotheses. Consistent with our hypotheses, processing speed accounted for significant variance in the relationship between physical activity and self-perceived health. This suggests that cognitive processing speed might be an indirect path by which physical activity relates to enhanced health perceptions. The results demonstrate that associations between physical activity and self-perceptions of health are related to a fundamental cognitive process.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Pre- and post-partum depression is a common mood disorder with detrimental effects on both mother and child. The aim of the proposed review is to summarize evidence related to the effects of both pre- and post-partum depression on child behavior and development from birth to preschool age. In particular, our review will address mutual relations between pre- and post-partum depression in order to determine whether pre- and post-partum depression predict child psychological outcomes independently, whether there is an effect of timing of depression on child outcomes, whether pre- and post-partum depression interact to affect child outcomes, and whether the effect of pre-partum depression is mediated by depression after child's birth. METHODS: We will include prospective longitudinal studies that report data about the effects of both pre- and post-partum depression on child psychological outcomes as published in peer-reviewed academic journals since January 1998. We will search EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Wiley Online databases to identify original research articles written in English. Two independent reviewers will screen search results in two stages: (i) titles and abstracts and (ii) full text. The first one will extract data into tables, while the latter will verify whether the data extracted are correct. We will assess the risk of bias in the selected studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), Cohort Study Checklist. The results of the review will be reported in a narrative form. If there are sufficient data available, a meta-analysis will be conducted using metaSEM package in R. DISCUSSION: The proposed review will be the first systematic review summarizing the effects of both pre- and post-partum depression on child psychological development and behavior from birth to preschool age. The results of such a review may contribute to a better understanding of mutual relations between pre- and post-partum depression in their effects on child outcomes. They may also shed light on what periods in early human development are most vulnerable to the effects of maternal depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018106269.
- MeSH
- chování dětí MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metaanalýza jako téma MeSH
- poporodní deprese * MeSH
- porod MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The successful early acquisition of reading literacy represents a crucial learning process determining the further course of academic development (Stanovich, 2009). During this process, interactions between children and their proximal social environment are of utmost importance. Therefore, we introduce a systemic framework for the development of learning potential (e.g., Mudrak et al., 2019a, b; Ziegler and Stoeger, 2017) and explore the interactions between the social and motivational processes associated with reading literacy development in school-age children. We base our analysis on a representative Czech sample of fourth-grade pupils involved in the Progress in International Reading Literacy study (PIRLS, Martin et al., 2017). On the basis of the systemic framework, we hypothesized hierarchical relationships among family socioeconomic status, related developmental resources (including parental support, expectations, and reading resources), children's reading motivation (including reading engagement and reading confidence), and manifested learning outcomes (including school grades and reading competence). We implemented three structural equation models to test the hypothesized relationships. The first model tested the direct effect of developmental resources on reading competence. The second model included the motivational variables as mediators between resources and competence. The third model included school grades as mediators between resources and motivational variables. Our analyses indicated the good fit of the proposed models. The final model explained 37.8% of the variance in children's school grades and 46.5% of the variance in reading literacy test scores (compared to 34.8% in the first model). Moreover, parental socioeconomic status was strongly associated with parental expectations, which were associated with reading confidence, partially through the effect of parental expectations on children's school grades. Reading confidence was the main predictor of reading literacy within the model, followed by the direct effects of parental resources. The results illustrate complex processes through which the family environment affects the development of learning competencies such as reading literacy by providing children with the relevant social and material resources associated with their motivation and school outcomes. We discuss some of the reasons that these relationships may take place and consider their implications for educational practice.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cílem této integrativní přehledové studie je analyzovat současný výzkum zabývající se individuálními a sociálními podmínkami úspěšného profesního rozvoje výzkumníků a výzkumnic na začátku kariéry. V této analýze se autoři zaměřují na dvě linie výzkumu, sociologickou a psychologickou. Ze sociologického pohledu je rozvoj výzkumné excelence utvářen sociálně-organizačními procesy spojenými s tzv. kumulací výhod (cumulative advantage, Merton, 1988), které umožňují vybraným jedincům úspěšný rozvoj výzkumné dráhy směrem k výzkumné excelenci prostřednictvím nerovné distribuce dostupných sociálních a organizačních zdrojů. Naopak z psychologického pohledu jsou pro úspěšný rozvoj výzkumné dráhy klíčové individuální charakteristiky, jako je motivace a vlastní aktivita v rámci akademické komunity a výzkumné instituce, které autoři popisují v rámci organizačně-psychologického konceptu utváření práce (job crafting, Tims, Bakker, 2010). Na tomto základě autoři předkládají argument pro integrativní „systemický“ přístup spojující tyto dva pohledy do jednotného rámce, v němž autoři usilují o vyrovnaný pohled na vliv sociálně- organizačních a individuálně-psychologických faktorů, především s ohledem na jejich vzájemnou interakci. Tento systemický rámec naznačuje, že pro individuální výzkumníky usilující o rozvoj výzkumné excelence je klíčová nejen motivace a aktivita zaměřená přímo na výzkumnou produktivitu, ale také aktivní utváření vlastních podmínek v rámci akademické komunity a konkrétních institucí, které jim umožňují zapojit se do sociálně-organizačních procesů kumulace výhod. Na druhou stranu pro výzkumné instituce je důležité usilovat o omezení procesů kumulace výhod, neboť vedou ke zvyšujícím se nerovnostem, nižší kvalitě soutěže o dostupné zdroje a tím i k nižší kvalitě výzkumného prostředí jako takového.
The aim of this integrative review is to analyze the contemporary research on individual and social conditions shaping a successful professional development of early career researchers. In this analysis, authors explore two lines of research, a sociological and a psychological. From the sociological perspective, the development of research excellence is determined by social-organizational processes of “cumulative advantage” (Merton, 1988) which enable the development of selected individuals towards research excellence by an unequal distribution of available resources. From the psychological perspective, successful development of research excellence is determined by individual characteristics, such as motivation or individual activity in the academic community and research organization, which authors review within the organizational psychology framework of “job crafting” (Tims, Bakker, 2010). On this basis, authors propose an argument for an integrative “systemic” approach that merges these two perspectives into a unified framework in which authors seek a balanced view of socialorganizational and individual-psychological processes and their mutual interactions. This systemic framework suggests that individual researchers striving for research excellence need not only to exhibit a high level of motivation and research-related activity but also engage in active creating of their position in academic community and research organization that allow them to participate in the processes of cumulative advantage. On the other hand, the research institutions should strive to mitigate the processes of cumulative advantage as these processes increase inequalities between the academics as well as institutions, distort the competition for available resources and in this way negatively affect the quality of research environment.
BACKGROUND: Although performance-enhancing drugs appear to be prevalent in adolescent sports, relatively little attention has been paid to why adolescent athletes decide to use these drugs. In this study, we examine doping among adolescents from a motivational perspective and explore how motivational variables, such as achievement goal orientations and the perceived self-determination of sports activities, may be related to moral attitudes, doping intentions and doping behavior in adolescents who participate in competitive sports. METHODOLOGY: The study included 1035 adolescents participating in competitive sports from all regions of the Czech Republic (mean age = 16.3 years). The respondents completed a battery of questionnaires assessing their achievement goal orientations (task, ego), sports motivation at various levels of self-determination (intrinsic motivation, external regulation, amotivation), moral attitudes toward sport competition (acceptance of cheating, keeping winning in proportion, attitudes toward doping), doping intentions and doping behavior. A structural equation model was used to test the relations among motivational variables, attitudes, intentions and doping behavior. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: Our analyses indicated a good fit with the proposed model, which explained 59% of the variance in doping intentions and 17.6% of the variance in doping behavior. Within the model, task orientation was positively associated with intrinsic motivation and lower amotivation, whereas ego orientation was positively associated with extrinsic regulation and amotivation. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with keeping winning in proportion and negatively associated with acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping; the less self-determined forms of motivation showed opposite relationships. However, only the acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping were related to doping intention, which subsequently predicted doping behavior. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results provide further evidence that sports motivation represents a psychological variable that should be considered in anti-doping policies, programs, and interventions aimed at the adolescent population because motivation was linked to the doping-related attitudinal variables and also partially mediated the effect of achievement goal orientations in this regard. On the basis of these results, we may argue that the focus on intrinsic enjoyment, self-referenced criteria of success and self-improvement may be related to more negative attitudes toward doping and cheating, lower doping intentions and less frequent doping behavior, whereas the emphasis on competition, comparison with others and external motivation appear to be related to the opposite outcomes.
- MeSH
- doping ve sportu psychologie MeSH
- látky zvyšující výkon škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- motivace MeSH
- mravy MeSH
- postoj MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- sportovci psychologie MeSH
- sporty psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
1. elektronické vydání 1 online zdroj (182 stran)
Tato monografie se zaměřuje na nejzávažnější formy rizikového chování ve sportu - doping, agresi a podvádění užívané k dosažení úspěchu za každou cenu. Zkoumá souvislosti mezi rizikovým chováním a nadměrným důrazem kladeným na úspěch v soutěži. Poukazuje také na možnosti přenosu rizikových vzorců chování ze sportu do běžného života mladých sportovců.Publikace je podnětná zejména pro rodiče, trenéry a učitele, kteří se podílejí na vývoji osobnosti adolescentů v průběhu jejich sportovní kariéry. Předkládané informace by měly pomoci vyhnout se situacím, ve kterých se rizika pro adekvátní vývoj sportujících dětí a mládeže často objevují.
- Klíčová slova
- Psychologie,
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- doping ve sportu MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- sport pro děti a mládež MeSH
- zdravotně rizikové chování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- NLK Obory
- tělovýchovné lékařství
