Many biological agents are epidemic or pandemic in nature (Ebola 2013, Spanish influenza 1918, Russian influenza 1989, SARS-CoV-2 2019). Recognising the onset of the spread of epidemics and pandemics remains a major challenge even in the 21st century despite the technologies and scientific knowledge at our disposal, as is the successful management of such situations. The reason concerns the existence of biological diversity and the laws that govern it, which are very difficult to predict and which are virtually uncontrollable. It is gradually becoming apparent that the current spread of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 (9 million deaths since the beginning of the pandemic according to WHO) is characterised by very different characteristics (e.g. the exposure, transmission and spread of the viral infectious agent) in different populations and risk groups.Social services workers in the Czech Republic have been on the frontline for the duration of the pandemic and have been required to work in a high-risk infectious environment. This has led to the need for changes in their established working practices and approaches. Considerable creativity had to be employed particularly in the first year of the pandemic due to the scarcity of information on the new viral agent, the availability of which increased only slowly as the scientific community studied and analysed the various factors involved. Globally, the scientific community released its experimental data as soon as it became available; however, unfortunately, due to the nature of biomedical research, the release of the outputs failed to match the time requirements for their necessity in practice.Based on qualitative and quantitative research, the following text provides an analysis of the specific measures and the related difficulties, and the struggle to find solutions, that providers of selected types of social services faced during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.The survey results revealed that the issues in question had a common thread across the various types of social services, as well as a number of common features and challenges. The analysis of the results showed a noticeable shift between the initial period, which was characterised by the rapid onset of the spread of the pandemic, and the situation after 18 months of life under pandemic conditions, which was characterised by the lower incidence of problems and difficulties. One of the major outcomes of the study concerns the identification of the need for social service providers to be provided with a unified, clear and centrally managed process that is able to provide individualised methodological support. The results are based on a study conducted as part of "The Changes in Selected Social Services for People with Disabilities during the State of Emergency Instigated by a Viral Disease" project.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- přístup k informacím MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sociální práce organizace a řízení MeSH
- sociální pracovníci * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- zjišťování skupinových postojů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Introduction: Objective of this study is to describe impact of gender, age, social status, and geographic location on mobility changes during the COVID-19 pandemic within the Czechia, Hradec Kralove region, and Ostrava region.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two regions in the Czechia: the Hradec Kralove region and the Ostrava region.Results: The age group of seniors 85 and older was more vulnerable to these alterations than other age groups. Age had a statistically significant impact on both the frequency of trips and the mode of transportation used. Seniors' shifts in mobility were more frequently impacted by urbanization, whereas the region's impact was seen in as many as five components. Transport, Route, and Time all showed the impact of urbanization. However, the region had the largest impact.Conclusion: There has been little evidence of the influence of age, gender, or social class on perceptions of changes during COVID-19. Research found conflicting evidence about older adults' physical activity throughout the epidemic.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- doprava MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- omezení pohyblivosti MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sociální izolace * MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Maintaining mobility is fundamental to active aging, allowing older adults to lead dynamic and independent lives. The perception of mobility among older adults significantly impacts their overall well-being and quality of life. Given the aging population, mobility has become an increasingly pressing issue. AIM: This study focused on the perception of urban neighborhoods, including considerations of urban tissue (crossings and sidewalk maintenance), urban scenes (benches and traffic), and safety (fears and street lighting quality). We investigated the differences in the perception of the surroundings of residences by urban and rural seniors concerning their demographic and social characteristics and environmental determinants. METHODS: A quantitative study design utilizing a questionnaire survey was employed. Data were collected mainly through face-to-face interviews in the field (PAPI) and via an online questionnaire (CAWI). The final sample comprised 525 participants. Hypotheses regarding the influence of gender, age, social status, level of physical activity, degree of urbanization, and region on environmental perception were tested using ordinal regression. RESULTS: The hypothesis regarding the dependence of the perception of the surroundings on the level of urbanization was confirmed; that regarding the dependence of the perception of the residence surroundings on seniors' age was not confirmed. The other hypotheses were partially confirmed. For the seven investigated environmental attributes, gender was significant in two cases, social status and physical activity in three cases, and region in four cases. CONCLUSION: While most studies have focused on urban settings, this study highlights the situation in rural municipalities. Substantially worse pedestrian conditions in availability of pedestrian crossings, benches, and lighting were recognized in rural municipalities versus cities. Understanding the complexity of mobility and the spatial locations relevant for older persons concerning potential barriers and facilitators for mobility aids in planning and adapting neighborhood environments to promote active and healthy aging in place.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Attention is focused on the health and physical fitness of older adults due to their increasing age. Maintaining physical abilities, including safe walking and movement, significantly contributes to the perception of health in old age. One of the early signs of declining fitness in older adults is limited mobility. Approximately one third of 70-year-olds and most 80-year-olds report restrictions on mobility in their apartments and immediate surroundings. Restriction or loss of mobility is a complex multifactorial process, which makes older adults prone to falls, injuries, and hospitalizations and worsens their quality of life while increasing overall mortality. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to identify the factors that have had a significant impact on mobility in recent years and currently, and to identify gaps in our understanding of these factors. The study aims to highlight areas where further research is needed and where new and effective solutions are required. METHODS: The PRISMA methodology was used to conduct a scoping review in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Papers published from 2007 to 2021 were searched in November 2021. Of these, 52 papers were selected from the initial 788 outputs for the final analysis. RESULTS: The final selected papers were analyzed, and the key determinants were found to be environmental, physical, cognitive, and psychosocial, which confirms the findings of previous studies. One new determinant is technological. New and effective solutions lie in understanding the interactions between different determinants of mobility, addressing environmental factors, and exploring opportunities in the context of emerging technologies, such as the integration of smart home technologies, design of accessible and age-friendly public spaces, development of policies and regulations, and exploration of innovative financing models to support the integration of assistive technologies into the lives of seniors. CONCLUSION: For an effective and comprehensive solution to support senior mobility, the determinants cannot be solved separately. Physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and technological determinants can often be perceived as the cause/motivation for mobility. Further research on these determinants can help to arrive at solutions for environmental determinants, which, in turn, will help improve mobility. Future studies should investigate financial aspects, especially since many technological solutions are expensive and not commonly available, which limits their use.
- MeSH
- chůze * MeSH
- cvičení MeSH
- databáze faktografické MeSH
- kvalita života * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- tělesná výkonnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Za jeden z nejpodstatnějších iniciujících faktorů vývoje syndromu vyhoření je považováno působení chronického stresu. Studenti, kteří jsou vystaveni vysoké míře stresu a zároveň nedokáží využít vhodné strategie zvládání těchto zátěžových situací, bývají ohroženi rozvojem syndromu vyhoření již během studia. Předmětem této práce bylo prozkoumat blíže otázku stresu, a to v souvislosti se syndromem vyhoření, s důrazem na rozvoj tohoto jevu ve skupině pregraduálních studentů Ústavu sociální práce v Hradci Králové. Stejně jako posouzení souvislostí využití strategie zvládání stresu versus riziko vývoje syndromu vyhoření u studentů. Vzhledem k počtu respondentů není záměrem této studie zobecnění nalezených výsledků, ale snaha o hlubší pohled do této problematiky a aplikace získaných poznatků do výuky studentů oboru sociální práce.Pro vyhodnocení strategií zvládání stresu byl využit dotazník SVF 78, syndrom vyhoření byl posouzen dotazníkem Burnout Measure.Nejčastěji používanou strategií zvládání stresu byla perseverace. Řadíme ji do skupiny negativních strategií, jelikož přímo zhoršuje a prodlužuje stresovou reakci organismu na prožívající zátěž. V otázce vztahu mezi strategiemi zvládání a syndromem vyhoření se ukázala pozitivní korelace u negativních strategií zvládání stresu, jako jsou úniková tendence, perseverace, rezignace nebo sebeobviňování. Pozitivní korelace v těchto parametrech znamená, že studenti, kteří využívají tyto strategie zvládání stresu, mají větší míru ohrožení syndromem vyhoření. Negativní korelace byla nalezena u pozitivních strategií, mezi které patří odklon, náhradní uspokojení, kontrola situace, pozitivní sebeuspokojení. Celková míra korelace pro oba dotazníky byla 0,4 - 0,59.
The effect of chronic stress is one of the most important initiating factors in the development of the burnout syndrome. Students, who face a high level of stress and at the same time they are not able to use suitable strategies of coping those stressful situations, they tend to be at risk of developing burnout syndrome already during their studies. Authors of the paper focus on the issue of stress in connection of the development of burnout syndrome in students of pregradual study of social work. The aim of the survey was to determine used strategies of stress coping and the risk of development of burnout syndrome in students. According to number of respondents there is no intention of this study to generalize the results, but enabling a deeper insight into a given issue and transferring acquired knowledge into practice regarding teaching of social work students.The questionnaire SVF 78 was used to evaluate strategies of stress coping, burnout syndrome was assessed by a questionnaire Burnout Measure.The most frequently used strategies of stress management were perseveration. This strategy is included into negative strategies, as it directly worsens and prolongs the stress response of the organism to the experiencing stress. In the question of the relationship between stress management and burnout syndrome, a positive correlation was shown for all negative stress management (escape tendency, perseveration, resignation and self-blame). Positive correlation in those parameters means, that students, who use strategies for stress management, are at a higher risk of burnout syndrome. Among these strategies belong escape tendency, perseveration, resignation and self-blame. Negative correlation was found in positive strategies (diversion, substitute satisfaction, situation control and positive self-satisfaction). The total level of correlation for both questionnaires was 0,4 - 0,59.
Prostorová mobilita seniorů patří k aktuálním zkoumaným tématům. Její aktuálnost je dána jednak stárnutím populace, jednak otázkami spojenými s kvalitou života seniorů. Je spojena s tím, jakým způsobem prostorová mobilita seniorů ovlivňuje jejich osobní nebo rodinný život, ale také život komunitní a veřejný. Předmětem soudobých zkoumání jsou faktory, které podporují prostorovou mobilitu, a naopak ty, které jí zabraňují. Ke zkoumaným tématům spojeným se stárnutím a stářím je také autonomie seniorů, která zahrnuje řadu aspektů. V průniku obou témat, tj. prostorové mobility a autonomie, vznikají otázky, jak spolu tyto jevy i procesy souvisejí, nakolik se podmiňují a ve výsledku, jaké takto pojatá mobilní autonomie plní funkce, či naopak za jakých okolností přestává být funkční. Byla provedena analýza 24 hloubkových rozhovorů se seniory staršími 70 let. Hlavním cílem bylo zjistit, jaký význam přisuzují senioři venkovní mobilitě pro svou autonomii. Cíl byl rozpracován do následujících výzkumných otázek: a) Jaký význam senioři přisuzují využívaným módům venkovní mobility? b) Jaké okolnosti senioři identifikují jako ovlivňující jejich mobilitu? c) Jak se senioři vyrovnávají s vnímanými omezeními venkovní mobility? Zvláště se ukázalo, jak významný je modus automobilu, význam je však diferencován podle různých kritérií, např. zda senior sám řídí, zda řídí jeho partner nebo zda je odkázán na pomoc druhých. Velkou otázkou je, jak se právě řidiči vyrovnávají se situací, kdy řídit přestanou či jsou nuceni přestat. Význam kola spjatý obvykle s širším rádiem každodenního žitého prostoru seniora závisí na zdravotní situací, kondici a životním způsobu. Z rozhovorů je patrné, že situaci seniorů a jejich strategie zvládání stárnutí zvláště v případě pokročilého stáří dobře charakterizuje to, jak jsou schopni pěšího pohybu a jak se mu věnují. Analýza rozhovorů vede k typologii přístupu seniorů k mobilitě a jejímu významu pro vlastní autonomii.
Spatial mobility of seniors is one of the current topics under investigation. Its relevance is due to both the ageing population and issues related to the quality of life of seniors. It is linked to how the spatial mobility of seniors affects their personal or family life, but also community and public life. The factors that promote spatial mobility and those that hinder it are the subject of contemporary research. Among the topics related to ageing and old age, the autonomy of seniors, which encompasses several aspects, is also under investigation. The intersection of these two topics, i.e., spatial mobility and autonomy, raises the questions of how these phenomena and processes are related, to what extent they condition each other and, as a result, what functions mobile autonomy, so conceived, fulfils or, conversely, under what circumstances it ceases to be functional. An analysis of 24 semi-structured interviews with seniors over 70 years of age was conducted. The main objective of the study was to discover what importance seniors attach to the outdoor mobility for their individual autonomy. We deconstructed this goal into the following research questions: (a) What importance do seniors attach to the outdoor mobility modes they use? (b) What circumstances do seniors identify as affecting their mobility? (c) How do seniors respond to the limitations in their outdoor mobility? In particular, the modus of the car has been shown to be important, but the importance is differentiated according to different criteria, e.g., whether the senior drives alone, whether his/her partner drives or whether s/he relies on the help of others. A big question is how drivers cope when they stop driving or are forced to stop. The importance of the bicycle, usually linked to the wider radius of the elderly person's daily living space, depends on health, fitness, and lifestyle. From the interviews, it is evident that the situation of seniors and their coping strategies, especially in the case of advanced old age, are well characterized by their ability and commitment to walking. The analysis of the interviews leads to a typology of seniors' attitudes towards mobility and its importance for their own autonomy.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická MeSH
- chůze psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- osobní autonomie MeSH
- pohybová aktivita * MeSH
- rozhovory jako téma MeSH
- samostatný způsob života * psychologie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let psychologie MeSH
- senioři psychologie MeSH
- stárnutí MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let psychologie MeSH
- senioři psychologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
5 Articles Ivana Havránková6 works as a leader of social services in the Czech Abilympic Association, and is an external worker at the Institute of Social Work of Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Králové. Adéla Mojžíšová7 is an associate professor at the University of South Bohemia. Her main professional and research interests are theories and methods of social work, supervision in social work, social rehabilitation, and social work with the family. Radka Prázdná 8 is a special education teacher by profession, she works as a university lecturer at the University of South Bohemia. In her lectures and publications, she focuses on social inclusion of individuals with special needs. Zuzana Truhlářová9 works as an assistant professor at the University of Hradec Králové. She deals with issues of formal and informal care for people with disabilities. Abstract OBJECTIVES: The objective of the paper is to present the results of a pilot research project dealing with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected types of social services for people with disabilities (changes in provided services, sources of information, routine in the facilities and modifications of internal procedures, impact on clients, staff and finance). THEORETICAL BASE: The theoretical background is constituted by government resolutions, measures, and recommendations issued by ministries, internal regulations in the social service facilities, and the results of foreign studies analysing the impact of COVID-19 on social services for people with disabilities. METHOD: The chosen method was qualitative and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The target group comprised the management of social services for people with disabilities. OUTCOMES: The article presents the results of the qualitative content analysis of interviews, which are structured according to the areas defined in the section “objectives” and they include a discussion aiming at the identification of potential risks, areas of further research, and limits thereof. SOCIAL WORK IMPLICATIONS: The text provides social workers with insight into how the selected social services for people with disabilities coped with the pandemic, into their greatest challenges, and effects of the pandemic on services, clients and staff.
Increasing life expectancy in modern society is undoubtedly due to improved healthcare, scientific advances in medicine, and the overall healthy lifestyle of the general population. However, this positive trend has led to an increase in the number of older people with a growing need for a sustainable system for the long-term care of this part of the population, which includes social and health services that are essential for a high quality of life. Longevity also brings challenges in the form of a polymorbid geriatric population that places financial pressure on healthcare systems. Regardless, one disease dominates the debate about financial sustainability due to the increasing numbers of people diagnosed, and that is Alzheimer's disease (AD). The presented paper aims to demonstrate the economic burden of social and healthcare services. Data from two regions in the Czech Republic were selected to demonstrate the potential scope of the problem. The future costs connected with AD are calculated by a prediction model, which is based on a population model for predicting the number of people with AD between 2020 and 2070. Based on the presented data from the two regions in the Czech Republic and the prediction model, several trends emerged. There appears to be a significant difference in the annual direct costs per person diagnosed with AD depending on the region in which they reside. This may lead to a significant inequality of the services a person can acquire followed by subsequent social issues that can manifest as a lower quality of life. Furthermore, given the prediction of the growing AD population, the costs expressed in constant prices based on the year 2020 will increase almost threefold during the period 2020-2070. The predicted threefold increase will place additional financial pressure on all stakeholders responsible for social and healthcare services, as the current situation is already challenging.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Burn-out syndrom se většinou připisuje osobám zapojeným do pracovního procesu náročného na sociální interakce a vysokou zodpovědnost, jakými jsou pomáhající profese (lékaři, zdravotní sestry, sociální pracovníci, psychologové apod.). V poslední době se však objevují práce, které poukazují na výskyt tohoto jevu u netypické skupiny jako jsou studenti. Autoři ve svém příspěvku podávají stručnou informaci o výskytu syndromu vyhoření u studentů vysokých škol v ČR i v zahraničí, v návaznosti je představen Projekt specifického výzkumu Filosofické fakulty Univerzity Hradec Králové (Syndrom vyhoření a strategie zvládání náročných životních situací u studentů pregraduálního studia). V tomto článku jsou podrobněji popsány záměry a cíle projektu a výsledky pilotní studie v rámci 1. etapy Projektu (Výskyt syndromu vyhoření u studentů Ústavu sociální práce FF UHK). Na základě kategorizace přítomnosti syndromu vyhoření u výzkumného souboru (n = 46 respondentů) bylo zjištěn, že 5 osob se nachází mimo ohrožení syndromem vyhoření (10,9 % ), 16 respondentů (34,8 %) je v uspokojivém stavu, 19 respondentů (41,3 %) je ohroženo vývojem syndromu vyhoření a 6 dotazovaných studentů (13 %) je psychicky vyčerpaných. Nikdo z testovaných nedosáhl hodnot 5. nejvyšší úrovně.
Burn-out syndrome is usually attributed to persons involved in the work process demanding social interactions and with a high responsibility, which are helping professions (doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists etc.) However, there have been a significant occurrence of jobs lately, that show this phenomenon at non-typical group such as students. Authors of this paper give a brief information about the occurrence of this burn-out syndrome of university students in the Czech Republic as well as abroad, in connection with a project of a specific research of Faculty of Arts, University of Hradec Králové (Burn-out Syndrome and Coping Strategies of Difficult Life Situations of Undergraduate Studies.) Goals and objectives of the project as well as the results of the pilot study within 1st stage of the Project (Burn-out Syndrome Occurrence at Students of the Institute of Social Work of Faculty of Arts UHK) are described in details in this paper. Based on the categorization of the presence of burnout syndrome in the research group (n = 46 respondents) it was found that 5 persons are out of danger of burnout (10.9%), 16 respondents (34.8%,) are in satisfactory condition, 19 respondents (41.3%) are at risk of developing the burnout syndrome, 6 of the interviewed students (13%) are mentally exhausted. None of the tested reached the 5th highest level.
- MeSH
- duševní vyhoření * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- studenti MeSH
- studium vysokoškolské * MeSH
- ženy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Sociální práce je ambivalentní profese, která je svým posláním předurčena poskytovat lidem pomoc i vykonávat nad nimi kontrolu. Přestože je oblast kontroly z hlediska porušování lidských práv mnohem rizikovější, zdá se být v odborné literatuře méně konceptualizovaná než pomoc. Předkládaná stať se snaží na tento deficit reagovat z pohledu klientů sociální práce a jejím cílem je předložit hypotézu, jaká pojetí kontroly lze nalézt z perspektivy klientů a vymezit klíčové aspekty jednotlivých pojetí. Pro dosažení cíle byla využita metoda kvalitativní obsahové analýzy zahraničních a českých odborných zdrojů. Byla nalezena tři pojetí vnímání kontroly z perspektivy klientů, u nichž se ukázalo, že mají inkluzivní logický vztah. Článek předkládá hypotézu o třech různých úrovních percepce kontroly – od nejširšího pojetí kontroly jako nevyžádaného chování sociální pracovnice přes užší pojetí kontroly jako omezené svobody volby po specifické pojetí kontroly jako nařízeného využití nějaké služby. Pokud by se předložená hypotéza v dalších výzkumech potvrdila, mohlo by být užitečné zaměřit se také na zkoumání vzájemného vztahu mezi jednotlivými úrovně- mi kontroly z hlediska jejich exkluzivity (zda lidé spadají pouze do jedné z nalezených kategorií nebo do vícero) či jejich variability v závislosti na různých proměnných. To implikuje otázku, jaké proměnné a jak korelují s jednotlivými úrovněmi vnímané kontroly. Vzhledem k tomu, že předkládaná stať vznikla v oblasti sociální práce coby praktické profese, klade v závěru otázky po aplikační rovině prezentovaných zjištění.
Social work can be seen as an ambivalent profession, the mission of which is to provide people with assistance as well as exercise a degree of control over them. Although dealing with the area of control in terms of human rights violations entails some risks, the field appears to be less conceptualized in the literature than the provision of aid. The present article attempts to address this deficit from the point of view of social work clients, with its aim being to present a hypothesis concerning what conceptions of control can be found within clients as well as to define the key aspects of these individual concepts. A qualitative content analysis of foreign and Czech professional sources was undertaken to achieve the goal. Three concepts regarding clients’ perception of control have been found, all of which have been found to have an inclusive logical relationship to each other. The article presents a hypothesis of three different levels of control perception – from the broadest concept of control (such as unsolicited or even unwanted social worker behaviours), through a narrower concept of control (such as a limited freedom of choice), and finally toward a specific concept of control as the mandated use of a service. If the given hypothesis is confirmed in the research, it might also be useful to consider the relationships among the different levels of control in terms of their exclusivity (i.e. whether clients fall into one or more categories) or the variability among levels which depend on diverse factors. This implies the question of what variables are involved and how they correlate with the individual levels of perceived control. Given that the present thesis was created in the field of social work as a practical profession, the question emerges as to the application level of the presented findings, an aspect which is dealt with briefly in the paper’s conclusion.
