Tyrosinase, exquisitely catalyzes the phenolic compounds into brown or black pigment, inhibition is used as a treatment for dermatological or neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products, such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin, are considered safe and non-toxic food additives in tyrosinase inhibition but their ambiguous inhibitory mechanism against tyrosinase is still elusive. Thus, we presented the mechanistic insights into tyrosinase with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin using computational simulations and in vitro assessment. Initial molecular docking results predicted ideal docked poses (- 9.346 to - 5.795 kcal/mol) for tyrosinase with selected flavonoids. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations and post-simulation analysis of docked poses established their stability and oxidation of flavonoids as substrate by tyrosinase. Particularly, metal chelation via catechol group linked with the free 3-OH group on the unconjugated dihydropyran heterocycle chain was elucidated to contribute to tyrosinase inhibition by (-/+)-catechin against cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Also, predicted binding free energy using molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area for each docked pose was consistent with in vitro enzyme inhibition for both mushroom and murine tyrosinases. Conclusively, (-/+)-catechin was observed for substantial tyrosinase inhibition and advocated for further investigation for drug development against tyrosinase-associated diseases.
- MeSH
- Agaricus enzymology MeSH
- Anthocyanins pharmacology MeSH
- Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Cell Line, Tumor MeSH
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation MeSH
- Molecular Docking Simulation MeSH
- Thermodynamics MeSH
- Monophenol Monooxygenase antagonists & inhibitors chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Protein Binding MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
It has been known since the 1970s that differences exist in the profile of element content in wild-growing mushroom species, although knowledge of the role of mushroom species/families as determinants in the accumulation of diverse element remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the content of 63 mineral elements, divided into six separate groups in the fruit bodies of 17 wild-growing mushroom species. The mushrooms, growing in widely ranging types of soil composition, were collected in Poland in 2018. Lepista nuda and Paralepista gilva contained not only the highest content of essential major (531 and 14,800 mg kg-1, respectively of Ca and P) and trace elements (425 and 66.3 mg kg-1, respectively of Fe and B) but also a high content of trace elements with a detrimental health effect (1.39 and 7.29 mg kg-1, respectively of Tl and Ba). A high content of several elements (Al, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Er, Fe, Mg, Mo, P, Sc, Ti or V) in L. nuda, Lepista personata, P. gilva and/or Tricholoma equestre fruit bodies belonging to the Tricholomataceae family suggests that such species may be characterised by the most effective accumulation of selected major or trace elements. On the other hand, mushrooms belonging to the Agaricaceae family (Agaricus arvensis, Coprinus comatus and Macrolepiota procera) were characterised by significant differences in the content of all determined elements jointly, which suggests that a higher content of one or several elements is mushroom species-dependent. Graphical abstract.
World mushroom production in 2018 was approximately 8.99 million tonnes. The most commonly cultivated species in the Czech Republic are Agaricus spp., which are sold fresh or canned. In 2017, 2018 mushroom production in the Czech Republic was approximately 540 tonnes. Vermicomposting is an easy and less ecologically harmful way to process the spent mushroom substrate. Earthworms, which are referred to as the engine of the process of vermicomposting, and microorganisms, help convert organic waste into fertilizer. This study is concerned with laboratory vermicomposting in a system of continuous feeding of earthworms Eisenia andrei. It compares the differences between variants with and without earthworms. The dry matter percentage was approximately 20% or more in both variants. The variant with earthworms showed a significant decrease in electrical conductivity. The C/N ratio was very low in both variants. The highest total P was recorded in the variant with earthworms, but the highest values of K and Mg were found in the control. Both variants recorded higher content of bacteria than fungi. All values of microorganism contents were higher in the vermicomposter without earthworms, but the bacterial/fungal ratio was higher in the variant with earthworms. The highest content in both variants shows the bacteria especially G-bacteria, on the other side, the lowest content shows the actinobacteria. The highest activity of β-D-glucosidase and acid phosphatase was measured in the vermicomposter with earthworms, but the activity of other enzymes was higher in the control. In both vermicomposters laccase activity was below the detection limit. The method of classical vermicomposting can be used for processing the spent mushroom substrate. However, in terms of higher content of total and available nutrients, there seems to be a better method of processing the substrate without earthworms.
- MeSH
- Agaricus * MeSH
- Bacteria MeSH
- Fungi MeSH
- Oligochaeta * MeSH
- Soil MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Agaricus bisporus is the most commonly cultivated and consumed mushroom species. The aim of this study was to compare the profile of macro- and trace elements in A. bisporus fruit bodies produced commercially in 19 countries in 2018 and distributed worldwide (32 analyzed objects). Trace elements with unknown biological roles were also determined. The content of 36 elements (of 70 taken into account) revealed significant differences among the analyzed objects. Contents of Ca, K, Mg, Na and S varied in wide ranges of 425-2430, 12740-40940, 610-3240, 98-430 and 1030-2650 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. The fruit bodies were characterized by a generally similar content of trace elements with some clear exceptions. Rankings of the objects according to the decreased amount of macroelements, trace elements and all elements jointly, show that mushrooms are significantly diverse as regards the content of particular elements of the mentioned group. The analyzed fruit bodies displayed a relatively high content of Ca, Mo and Se, and a high K/Na ratio. Regardless of origin, A. bisporus did not constitute a source of significant levels of Al, Cd or rare earth elements. An increased level of As and Pb in mushrooms from several producers indicates a need for additional measures to reduce potential dietary exposures to these toxicants.
- MeSH
- Agaricus chemistry MeSH
- Arsenic analysis MeSH
- Global Health MeSH
- Lead analysis MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires * MeSH
- Trace Elements analysis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Cadmium (Cd) and its mobility and toxicity in the food chain receives considerable public and scientific attention. Levels in soil have been increasing, partly caused by mineral fertiliser use. In many areas in the EU, intake of Cd is not far from the maximum tolerable level. Now, urban and more circular approaches to food production are being promoted, in which waste materials substitute growing media and fertilizers. Can this make the situation worse, or is it, on the contrary, possible to extract Cd from the cycle using practical microbial methods? Cd concentration, availability and accumulation in materials and crops in a closed greenhouse system was investigated first. Secondly, we tested if fungal remediation was able to remove a significant amount of Cd. A sequential extraction analysis showed how anaerobic digestion and composting changed chemical Cd availability. Cd levels in the system were comparable to agricultural soils. The vegetable crops did not accumulate Cd. However, the culture of the edible mushroom Agaricus subrufescens in the greenhouse had a strong effect on Cd mobility: It extracted 80% of the Cd from the growing medium into the mushrooms, mostly at the start of fruiting. These early Cd enriched mushrooms can be treated as special waste, while the later harvest complied with EU Cd limits for foodstuffs and can potentially be consumed. Thus, growing this mushroom species in an integrated waste-to-crop system can be a cost-efficient way to remediate Cd from the food chain.
- MeSH
- Agaricus * MeSH
- Cadmium MeSH
- Fertilizers MeSH
- Soil MeSH
- Agriculture MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
An amperometric biosensor compatible with a flow injection analysis (FIA) for highly selective determination of acetaminophen (APAP) in a sample of human urine was developed. This biosensor is also suitable for use in the routine pharmaceutical practice. To prove this statement, two different commercially available pharmaceutical formulations were analyzed. This nano-(bio)electroanalytical device was made from a commercially available screen-printed carbon electrode covered by a thin layer of non-functionalized graphene (NFG) as amperometric transducer. A biorecognition layer was prepared from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) cross-linked using glutaraldehyde, where resulting aggregates were covered by Nafion®, a known ion exchange membrane. Owing to the use of tyrosinase and presence of NFG, the developed analytical instrument is able to measure even at potentials of 0 V. Linear ranges differ according to choice of detection potential, namely up to 130 μmol L-1 at 0 V, up to 90 μmol L-1 at -0.1 V, and up to 70 μmol L-1 at -0.15 V. The first mentioned linear range is described by the equation Ip [μA] = 0.236 - 0.1984c [μmol L-1] and correlation coefficient r = 0.9987; this equation was used to quantify the content of APAP in each sample. The limit of detection of APAP was estimated to be 1.1 μmol L-1. A recovery of 96.8% (c = 25 μmol L-1, n = 5 measurements) was calculated. The obtained results show that FIA is a very selective method for APAP determination, being comparable to the chosen reference method of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
- MeSH
- Agaricus enzymology MeSH
- Urinalysis instrumentation methods MeSH
- Biosensing Techniques instrumentation methods MeSH
- Equipment Design MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Limit of Detection MeSH
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic urine MeSH
- Acetaminophen urine MeSH
- Flow Injection Analysis instrumentation methods MeSH
- Monophenol Monooxygenase chemistry MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Evaluation Study MeSH
We report the characterization of the dimeric protein AB21 from Agaricus bisporus, one of the most commonly and widely consumed mushrooms in the world. The protein shares no significant sequence similarity with any protein of known function, and it is the first characterized member of its protein family. The coding sequence of the ab21 gene was determined and the protein was expressed in E. coli in a recombinant form. We demonstrated a high thermal and pH stability of AB21 and proved the weak affinity of the protein to divalent ions of some transition metals (nickel, zinc, cadmium, and cobalt). The reported crystallographic structure exhibits an interesting rod-like helical bundle fold with structural similarity to bacterial toxins of the ClyA superfamily. By immunostaining, we demonstrated an abundance of AB21 in the fruiting bodies of A. bisporus.
- MeSH
- Agaricus chemistry MeSH
- Bacterial Toxins chemistry MeSH
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins biosynthesis chemistry genetics MeSH
- Escherichia coli genetics metabolism MeSH
- Fungal Proteins biosynthesis chemistry genetics MeSH
- Cations, Divalent chemistry MeSH
- Protein Conformation MeSH
- Transition Elements chemistry MeSH
- Recombinant Proteins biosynthesis chemistry genetics MeSH
- Protein Folding MeSH
- Protein Stability MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
