An animal's fitness strongly depends on successful feeding, avoidance of predators and reproduction. All of these behaviours commonly involve chemosensation. As a consequence, when species' ecological niches and life histories differ, their chemosensory abilities need to be adapted accordingly. The intertidal insect Clunio marinus (Diptera: Chironomidae) has tuned its olfactory system to two highly divergent niches. The long-lived larvae forage in a marine environment. During the few hours of terrestrial adult life, males have to find the female pupae floating on the water surface, free the cryptic females from their pupal skin, copulate and carry the females to the oviposition sites. In order to explore the possibility for divergent olfactory adaptations within the same species, we investigated the chemosensory system of C. marinus larvae, adult males and adult females at the morphological and molecular level. The larvae have a well-developed olfactory system, but olfactory gene expression only partially overlaps with that of adults, likely reflecting their marine vs. terrestrial lifestyles. The olfactory system of the short-lived adults is simple, displaying no glomeruli in the antennal lobes. There is strong sexual dimorphism, the female olfactory system being particularly reduced in terms of number of antennal annuli and sensilla, olfactory brain centre size and gene expression. We found hints for a pheromone detection system in males, including large trichoid sensilla and expression of specific olfactory receptors and odorant binding proteins. Taken together, this makes C. marinus an excellent model to study within-species evolution and adaptation of chemosensory systems.
- MeSH
- biologická adaptace fyziologie MeSH
- bulbus olfactorius metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- Chironomidae metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- čich fyziologie MeSH
- čichové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- hmyz metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- kladení vajíček fyziologie MeSH
- kukla metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- larva metabolismus MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- receptory pachové metabolismus MeSH
- sensilla metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- vodní organismy metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We present here significant difference in the evocation capability between sensory memories (visual, taste, and olfactory) throughout certain categories of the population. As object for this memory recall we selected French fries that are simple and generally known. From daily life we may intuitively feel that there is much better recall of the visual and auditory memory compared to the taste and olfactory ones. Our results in young (age 12-21 years) mostly females and some males show low capacity for smell and taste memory recall compared to far greater visual memory recall. This situation raises question whether we could train smell and taste memory recall so that it could become similar to visual or auditory ones. In our article we design technique of the volunteers training that could potentially lead to an increase in the capacity of their taste and olfactory memory recollection.
- MeSH
- bulbus olfactorius fyziologie MeSH
- chuť fyziologie MeSH
- čich fyziologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to test whether ketamine produces an antidepressant effect in animal model of olfactory bulbectomy and assess the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in ketamine's antidepressant effect. METHODS: Bulbectomized (OBX) rats and sham controls were assigned to four subgroups according to the treatment they received (ketamine, saline, ketamine + rapamycin, and saline + rapamycin). The animals were subjected to open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), passive avoidance (PA), Morris water maze (MWM), and Carousel maze (CM) tests. Blood samples were collected before and after drug administration for analysis of phosphorylated mTOR level. After behavioral testing, brains were removed for evaluation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. RESULTS: Ketamine normalized hyperactivity of OBX animals in EPM and increased the time spent in open arms. Rapamycin pretreatment resulted in elimination of ketamine effect in EPM test. In CM test, ketamine + rapamycin administration led to cognitive impairment not observed in saline-, ketamine-, or saline + rapamycin-treated OBX rats. Prefrontal BDNF content was significantly decreased, and level of mTOR was significantly elevated in OBX groups. CONCLUSIONS: OBX animals significantly differed from sham controls in most of the tests used. Treatment had more profound effect on OBX phenotype than controls. Pretreatment with rapamycin eliminated the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of ketamine in task-dependent manner. The results indicate that ketamine + rapamycin application resulted in impaired stress responses manifested by cognitive deficits in active place avoidance (CM) test. Intensity of stressor (mild vs. severe) used in the behavioral tests had opposite effect on controls and on OBX animals.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva farmakologie MeSH
- bludiště - učení účinky léků MeSH
- bulbus olfactorius fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- ketamin antagonisté a inhibitory farmakologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mozkový neurotrofický faktor metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- sirolimus farmakologie MeSH
- TOR serin-threoninkinasy účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se účinky léků MeSH
- úzkost psychologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Affective disorders are often associated with immune and neuroendocrine disturbances. However, little information on the modulatory effects of antiepileptics on endocrine and immune functions is available. Some novel antiepileptics, including tiagabine, are considered as potential antidepressants.
- MeSH
- bulbus olfactorius fyziologie MeSH
- buněčná imunita účinky léků MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- deprese psychologie MeSH
- fagocytóza účinky léků MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- GABA agonisté farmakologie MeSH
- kortikosteron krev MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kyseliny nipekotinové farmakologie MeSH
- leukocyty imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- luminiscence MeSH
- mozek - chemie účinky léků MeSH
- neurotransmiterové látky krev MeSH
- neutrofily MeSH
- počet leukocytů MeSH
- pohybová aktivita účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- psychický stres krev MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- barvicí látky MeSH
- bulbus olfactorius fyziologie MeSH
- elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
- fyziologická neovaskularizace MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- přežívání štěpu MeSH
- spinální ganglia krevní zásobení patologie transplantace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
