Birth is an event that exposes the newborn baby to a high concentration of free radicals (reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS)), which can contribute to several diseases. The balanced equilibrium between ROS/RNS and the antioxidant system of the newborn is a key factor in preventing a plethora of diseases. The antioxidant system involves endogenous and exogenous molecules, from vitamins (A, E, C) to enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), metals (copper, zinc, and selenium) and other molecules (coenzyme Q10, melatonin) that can act in a synergistic manner to deactivate free radicals. A competent antioxidant system of the baby is strongly dependent on the intake of free radical deactivating molecules from feeding, either maternal or formula milk, with several studies pointing that breast milk has more powerful antioxidant effects on lowering the infant's oxidative status. An improved understanding of the antioxidant molecules, their mechanism of action, and the relationships between them, are key factors to comprehend all the potential benefits of human breastfeeding in this matter. The purpose of this review is to describe different research efforts and methodologies of evaluation of TAS in human milk, and to evaluate and summarize the contribution of different antioxidant molecules.
- Klíčová slova
- TAS/TAC (total antioxidant system/total antioxidant capacity) - (celková antioxidační kapacita lidského mléka),
- MeSH
- antioxidancia farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- ceruloplasmin imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- farmakologické účinky - molekulární mechanismy MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- kaseiny imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- katalasa imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kojení * MeSH
- kovy imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- kyselina askorbová MeSH
- laktoferrin imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mateřské mléko * enzymologie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- melatonin imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- mléčné bílkoviny imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- ochranné látky farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- oxidační stres fyziologie imunologie MeSH
- proteiny imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- stopové prvky imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- ubichinon imunologie izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- vitamin A MeSH
- vitamin E MeSH
- volné radikály antagonisté a inhibitory metabolismus škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The title method was used for phytoremediation of soils. The experiments were performed with leaves of willow (S. smithiana, S. alba, S. rubens and S. dasyclados) grown in soil contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb), The ability of the leaves to accumulate these metals was confirmed. The total contents of metals in 0.02 mol l?1 Tris buffer (pH 7.5) and in 1 mol l?1 sodium hydroxide extracts were determined. Size exclusion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used for separation and determination of metals in the extracts. The metals in the extracts are present mainly in low-molecular-weight fractions (M ? 2 kDa). These fractions were obtained by preparative size exclusion chromatography and refined by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The compounds in the fractions were analyzed by amino acid analysis and MALDI mass spectrometry. The results show that majority of heavy metals in willow biomass remained in insoluble residue whereas the extracts contain substantial amounts of chelating agents, which suggests their role in metal detoxication processes in willow plants.
- MeSH
- chromatografie afinitní metody MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- listy rostlin chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Salix metabolismus růst a vývoj MeSH
- stopové prvky izolace a purifikace MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické metody přístrojové vybavení využití MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- myši MeSH
- stopové prvky izolace a purifikace krev moč MeSH
- ukazatele zdravotního stavu MeSH
- velikost vzorku MeSH
- vlasy, chlupy abnormality MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
The aim of solidification of ashes is to reduce the bioavailability of toxic heavy metals. The review focuses on comparison of water leachability of raw ashes and ashes solidified with cement. The leachates of raw ashes were toxic due to increased concentrations of trace elements, in particular Cd, As, and Se. On solidification leachability of most of the toxic metals significantly decreased, but their ecotoxicity did not decrease to the expected extent.
- MeSH
- odběr biologického vzorku MeSH
- stopové prvky izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
