High-dose methotrexate in the treatment of osteosarcoma
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Although methotrexate (MTX) is the most well-known antifolate included in many standard therapeutic regimens, substantial toxicity limits its wider use, particularly in pediatric oncology. Our study focused on a detailed analysis of MTX effects in cell lines derived from two types of pediatric solid tumors: medulloblastoma and osteosarcoma. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effects of treatment with MTX at concentrations comparable to MTX plasma levels in patients treated with high-dose or low-dose MTX. The results showed that treatment with MTX significantly decreased proliferation activity, inhibited the cell cycle at S-phase and induced apoptosis in Daoy and Saos-2 reference cell lines, which were found to be MTX-sensitive. Furthermore, no difference in these effects was observed following treatment with various doses of MTX ranging from 1 to 40 µM. These findings suggest the possibility of achieving the same outcome with the application of low-dose MTX, an extremely important result, particularly for clinical practice. Another important aspect of treatment with high-dose MTX in clinical practice is the administration of leucovorin (LV) as an antidote to reduce MTX toxicity in normal cells. For this reason, the combined application of MTX and LV was also included in our experiments; however, this application of MTX together with LV did not elicit any detectable effect. The expression analysis of genes involved in the mechanisms of resistance to MTX was a final component of our study, and the results helped us to elucidate the mechanisms of the various responses to MTX among the cell lines included in our study.
- MeSH
- antagonisté kyseliny listové aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- chemorezistence genetika MeSH
- dihydrofolátreduktasa metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- meduloblastom * enzymologie genetika MeSH
- methotrexát aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nádory kostí * enzymologie genetika MeSH
- nádory mozečku * enzymologie genetika MeSH
- osteosarkom * enzymologie genetika MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
PURPOSE: Most aspects of osteosarcoma have been addressed in detail, but there is no comprehensive analysis of deceased patients and causes of death. METHODS: The database of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group COSS (1980-03/31/2021; 4475 registered high-grade central osteosarcoma patients) was searched deaths from any cause. Affected patients were analyzed for demographic and baseline variables and disease-status at the time of demise. Deaths from causes other than osteosarcoma were analyzed in detail. RESULTS: A total of 1520 deceased patients were identified (median age (range) at osteosarcoma diagnosis 16 (2-78) years; 908 (59.7%) male, 612 (40.3%) female; primary tumor: extremities 1263 (83.1%), trunk 208 (13.7%), craniofacial 47 (3.1%) (site unknown 2); metastases at registration: absent 1.051 (69.1%), present 466 (30.7%) (3 no data). The median time from diagnosis to death was 2.22 (0.08-32.02) years. 1286 (84.6%) patients succumbed to osteosarcoma (370 without achieving complete remission, 488 first, 428 more than one recurrences), 146 (9.6%) to other, 88 (5.8%) to unknown causes. Chemotherapy-related infections (40), secondary malignancies (39), and perioperative complications (19) were among the most frequent potentially treatment-related causes, and high-dose methotrexate (19), doxorubicin (17), and ifosfamide (15) were the drugs most commonly held responsible. Patients with unknown causes of death had an unusually long median follow-up. CONCLUSION: The major cause of death of patients after osteosarcoma is this malignancy, mostly from one of its multiple relapses. However, almost 10% of fatalities are due to other documented causes. Some of these deaths may be preventable with the knowledge gained from comprehensive analyses such as this.
- MeSH
- cisplatina terapeutické užití MeSH
- doxorubicin terapeutické užití MeSH
- ifosfamid terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lokální recidiva nádoru MeSH
- methotrexát MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nádory kostí * farmakoterapie MeSH
- osteosarkom * farmakoterapie MeSH
- příčina smrti MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Osteosarkom (OS) je nejčastější zhoubný nádor skeletu, představuje asi 35 % primárních kostních nádorů. Úspěšná léčba osteosarkomu vyžaduje úzkou spolupráci odborníků multidisciplinárního týmu, kam patří onkolog, chirurg, patolog a radiolog. Nejlepší péči zajišťují specializovaná centra s odpovídajícími zkušenostmi a možností komplexní péče. Léčebný režim musí zahrnovat radikální odstranění primárního nádoru, případně metastáz v kombinaci se systémovou chemoterapií. Z cytostatik je to zejména doxorubicin, vysoko-dávkovaný metotrexát, cisplatina a ifosfamid. Cílem rozdělení chemoterapie na část předoperační a pooperační je redukce nádorové masy a lepší ohraničení tumoru vůči okolním strukturám. Tím je usnadněna chirurgická radikalita s možností náhrady postižené části skeletu bez mutilujícího výkonu. Důležitá je také znalost histopatologické odpovědi na předoperační chemoterapii, která ovlivňuje intenzitu pooperační léčby. Dosud není dostatečně vyřešena léčba metastatického onemocnění a případné recidivy. Zlepšení výsledků je možno očekávat až po zavedení nových léčebných přípravků a modalit.
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant tumour of the skeleton accounting for approximately 35 % of primary bone tumours. Successful treatment of osteosarcoma requires a close cooperation between the specialists of a multidisciplinary team consisting of an oncologist, surgeon, pathologist and radiologist. The best care is provided by specialized centres with appropriate experience in which comprehensive care is available. The therapeutic regimen must include radical removal of the primary tumour and/or metastases in combination with systemic chemotherapy. The cytostatic drugs primarily used include doxorubicin, high-dose methotrexate, cisplatin and ifosfamide. The goal of dividing chemotherapy into preoperative and postoperative parts is a reduction in the tumour mass and improved delineation of the tumour from the surrounding structures. This improves the surgical radicality with the affected part of the skeleton being replaced without the need for a mutilating procedure. Also of importance is the knowledge of the histopathological response to preoperative chemotherapy which affects the intensity of postoperative treatment. The management of metastatic disease and possible recurrence has not been addressed adequately as yet. Improved results can be expected with the introduction of novel therapeutic agents and modalities.
- Klíčová slova
- děti a dospívající,
- MeSH
- adjuvantní chemoterapie MeSH
- cytostatické látky škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dlouhodobá péče MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- indukce remise MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádory kostí diagnóza mortalita terapie MeSH
- neoadjuvantní terapie MeSH
- osteosarkom diagnóza farmakoterapie chirurgie MeSH
- pooperační péče MeSH
- předoperační péče MeSH
- přežití bez známek nemoci MeSH
- příznaky a symptomy MeSH
- protinádorové látky škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- recidiva MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Osteosarkom je nejčastějším primárním maligním kostním nádorem. Nádor se vyskytuje nejčastěji v adolescenci a u mladých dospělých. Při současných standardech léčby dlouhodobě přežívá asi 70 % pacientů s lokalizovaným končetinovým postižením a 20–30 % pacientů s primárními metastázami nebo postižením axiálního skeletu. Diagnostika je postavena na zobrazovacích metodách (RTG, CT, MRI, PET-CT), klinickém vyšetření a bioptickém vyšetření. V lokální terapii je základem radikální resekce nádoru. K náhradě odstraněné kosti jsou v dnešní době využívány modulární náhrady a individuální náhrady, méně jsou dnes již využívány alloštěpy. Základem systémové terapie jsou čtyři standardní chemoterapeutika dlouhodobě užívaná k léčbě osteosarkomu: vysokodávkovaný methotrexát, doxorubicin, cisplatina a ifosfamid. Používání dalších přídatných látek doposud nevedlo ke zlepšení výsledků terapie. Ve sledování se opíráme o klinické vyšetření, RTG a CT plic. Diskutována je četnost intervalů sledování a validita RTG vyšetření plic ve srovnání s CT.
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumour. This tumour occurs mostly in adolescence and in youngadults. With nowaday therapy standards, the long term survival rate is about 70 % in patients with localized extremity diseaseand about 20–30 % in patients with primary metastatic disease or with axial disease. Diagnostics is settled on imaging methods(X-ray, CT, MRI, PET-CT), clinical findings and biopsy. The main point in local treatment is radical resection of the tumour. Modularendoprosthesis are today used for replacement of resected bone, individual endoprosthesis or allografts are used less. Fourstandard chemotherapeutics are fundamentally long term systemic therapy of osteosarcomas: high-dosed methotrexate, doxorubicin,cisplatin and ifosfamide. Using other additional drugs doesn’t improve the results of systemic therapy up to this day. Thefollow up is based on clinical investigation, X- ray and chest CT. The frequency of follow up intervals and validity of chest X-ray incomparsion to CT is a matter of discussion.
- MeSH
- biopsie MeSH
- cisplatina terapeutické užití MeSH
- doxorubicin terapeutické užití MeSH
- ifosfamid terapeutické užití MeSH
- implantace protézy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- methotrexát terapeutické užití MeSH
- nádory kostí diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza terapie MeSH
- osteosarkom * diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza terapie MeSH
- osteotomie MeSH
- PET/CT MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- protézy - design MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie terapeutické užití MeSH
- radioterapie MeSH
- záchrana končetiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: We designed the EURAMOS-1 trial to investigate whether intensified postoperative chemotherapy for patients whose tumour showed a poor response to preoperative chemotherapy (≥10% viable tumour) improved event-free survival in patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. METHODS: EURAMOS-1 was an open-label, international, phase 3 randomised, controlled trial. Consenting patients with newly diagnosed, resectable, high-grade osteosarcoma aged 40 years or younger were eligible for randomisation. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either postoperative cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate (MAP) or MAP plus ifosfamide and etoposide (MAPIE) using concealed permuted blocks with three stratification factors: trial group; location of tumour (proximal femur or proximal humerus vs other limb vs axial skeleton); and presence of metastases (no vs yes or possible). The MAP regimen consisted of cisplatin 120 mg/m(2), doxorubicin 37·5 mg/m(2) per day on days 1 and 2 (on weeks 1 and 6) followed 3 weeks later by high-dose methotrexate 12 g/m(2) over 4 h. The MAPIE regimen consisted of MAP as a base regimen, with the addition of high-dose ifosfamide (14 g/m(2)) at 2·8 g/m(2) per day with equidose mesna uroprotection, followed by etoposide 100 mg/m(2) per day over 1 h on days 1-5. The primary outcome measure was event-free survival measured in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00134030. FINDINGS: Between April 14, 2005, and June 30, 2011, 2260 patients were registered from 325 sites in 17 countries. 618 patients with poor response were randomly assigned; 310 to receive MAP and 308 to receive MAPIE. Median follow-up was 62·1 months (IQR 46·6-76·6); 62·3 months (IQR 46·9-77·1) for the MAP group and 61·1 months (IQR 46·5-75·3) for the MAPIE group. 307 event-free survival events were reported (153 in the MAP group vs 154 in the MAPIE group). 193 deaths were reported (101 in the MAP group vs 92 in the MAPIE group). Event-free survival did not differ between treatment groups (hazard ratio [HR] 0·98 [95% CI 0·78-1·23]); hazards were non-proportional (p=0·0003). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (268 [89%] patients in MAP vs 268 [90%] in MAPIE), thrombocytopenia (231 [78% in MAP vs 248 [83%] in MAPIE), and febrile neutropenia without documented infection (149 [50%] in MAP vs 217 [73%] in MAPIE). MAPIE was associated with more frequent grade 4 non-haematological toxicity than MAP (35 [12%] of 301 in the MAP group vs 71 [24%] of 298 in the MAPIE group). Two patients died during postoperative therapy, one from infection (although their absolute neutrophil count was normal), which was definitely related to their MAP treatment (specifically doxorubicin and cisplatin), and one from left ventricular systolic dysfunction, which was probably related to MAPIE treatment (specifically doxorubicin). One suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction was reported in the MAP group: bone marrow infarction due to methotrexate. INTERPRETATION: EURAMOS-1 results do not support the addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to postoperative chemotherapy in patients with poorly responding osteosarcoma because its administration was associated with increased toxicity without improving event-free survival. The results define standard of care for this population. New strategies are required to improve outcomes in this setting. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council, National Cancer Institute, European Science Foundation, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Parents Organization, Danish Medical Research Council, Academy of Finland, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Semmelweis Foundation, ZonMw (Council for Medical Research), Research Council of Norway, Scandinavian Sarcoma Group, Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK, National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, and Biomedical Research Centre.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kombinovaná terapie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nádory kostí farmakoterapie mortalita MeSH
- osteosarkom farmakoterapie mortalita MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- protokoly protinádorové kombinované chemoterapie terapeutické užití MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH