Anatomical variant
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Tento přehledový článek shrnuje a porovnává metodiku a výsledky dostupných originálních prací zabývajících se hodnocením anatomických variant plicních žil u pacientů s fibrilací síní publikovaných v posledních dvou desetiletích. Existující studie ukazují, že znalost anatomických variant plicních žil je důležitým předpokladem pro úspěšně provedenou katétrovou ablaci fibrilace síní. V textu se věnujeme analýze a vzájemnému srovnání metodiky a výsledků použitých při hodnocení původních autorů.
This review summarizes and compares the methods and results of available original papers on the evaluation of anatomical variants of pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation published in the last two decades. The studies included show that an understanding of anatomical variants of pulmonary veins is an important prerequisite for successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. The present text deals with an analysis and mutual comparison of the methods and results used in various evaluations of the original authors.
- MeSH
- echokardiografie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitrální chlopeň patologie MeSH
- posuzování pracovní neschopnosti MeSH
- prolaps diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Východisko: Odchýlky zistené pri operáciách nás podnietili zahájiť prácu týkajúcu sa variácií tvorenia brachiálneho plexu. Materiál a metody: U 50 dospelých kadaverovbolo vyšetrených 100 brachiálnych plexov na zistenie incidencie neurálnych variácií. Sledovali sme účasť koreňa C4, prípadne Th2, ako aj rôzne odchýlky od výstupu jednotlivých koreňov a ich vetví z chrbtice, po variácie tvorenia nervových trunkov. Pozornosť sme venovali aj ich priebehu. anastomózam, hrúbke a prípadnej absencii. Okrem anatomickej zložitosti a variability, sú vyzdvihnuté motorické inervačné zvláštnosti vo vzťahu k diagnostike. Pozornosť je venovaná mechanizmom a morfologickým dôvodom vzniku určitých typov poranení. Výsledky: Prefixovaný typ sa vyskytol 24 pripadoch (48 %), postfixovaný v jednom. V 25 pripadoch (50 %) sme pozorovali 32 odchýlok. Odchýlky sa vyskytovali častejšie vTavo vil prípadoch. Záver: Táto štúdia nám umožnila zistiť a popísať výnimočné, dosiaľ nepopísané anatomické odchýlky vo formovaní nervových koreňov a trunkov brachiálneho plexu.
Background: Deviations observed during operations triggered our effort to initiate an investigation concerning variations in the formation of brachial plexus. Material and Methods: In 50 cadavers of adult subjects the authors examined 100 brachial plexuses in order to detect incidence of neural variations. The participation of the C4 radix or Th2 radix as well as various variants from outlets of individual radices and their branches from the vertebral column to the variants in the formation of nerve trunks was investigated. The attention was devoted to their course, anastomoses, thickness and occasional absence. In addition to anatomical complexity and variability, attention is paid to motor innervation peculiarities in relation to diagnosis. The attention is paid to the mechanisms and morphological reasons in the origin of certain type of injuries. Results: the prefixed type occurred in 24 cases (48%), the postfixed one in a singe case. In 25 cases (50%) 32 deviations were observed. The deviations were more frequent on the left side in 11 cases. Conclusion: The study made it possible to find out and describe exceptional, so far unpublished, anatomical deviations in the formation of nerve radices and trunks of brachial plexus.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervová vlákna MeSH
- plexus brachialis abnormality anatomie a histologie zranění MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Anatomical variants observed during the posterior approach to the elbow joint require special attention due to their clinical relevance. We aim to present a compendious review of described variants potentially encountered during the posterior approach towards the elbow joint to the experts in the elbow surgery. METHODS: A narrative review of surgical and anatomical textbooks, as well as search of scientific databases was carried out. RESULTS: Variability of the subcutaneous nerves is important during incision planning. Accessory muscles such as dorsoepitrochlearis, chondroepitrochlearis, epitrochleoanconeus, subanconeus or supernumerary flexor carpi ulnaris may confuse even the senior surgeon during the dissection and possibly complicate the fracture reduction. Some bony variants such as supratrochlear foramen may lead to fracture or possibly interfere with the osteosynthesis placement. Accessory bones are also present in the region of the elbow joint. Those situated intra-articular may present with symptoms. CONCLUSION: Many variants can be encountered in the area of the elbow joint and their knowledge is essential to truly understand its anatomy. The presented review enables easier orientation in the current literature with the aim on the posterior approach towards the elbow joint.
- MeSH
- kosterní svaly chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- loket inervace MeSH
- loketní kloub * anatomie a histologie MeSH
- poranění lokte * MeSH
- předloktí chirurgie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Nomenclature of the general and variant anatomy belongs to the most neglected parts of the Latin anatomical nomenclature in Terminologia Anatomica. Although many important small structures are included in Terminologia Anatomica, when describing and teaching particular anatomy of any part of the human body, the general terms are necessary, such as planes, lines and flexion grooves. Moreover, Terminologia Anatomica contains only 149 terms of variant structures, enlisted in the parentheses to differentiate them from constant ones. They are only a rather representative selection and some more should be added, both from the educational and clinical point of view. The authors present some terms, completed with their definitions or explanations concerning the general and variant anatomy to evoke broader discussion on this topic which should issue in incorporation of proposed terms (or their equivalents) into the Terminologia Anatomica.
- MeSH
- anatomická variace * MeSH
- anatomie normy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- terminologie jako téma * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
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INTRODUCTION: Numerous variations are characteristic for hand anatomy. Although a lot of work has been done in the field, a detailed description of the branches of the radial artery is still missing. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence and diameter of the accessory artery, which can be found running on the dorsal surface of the interosseus dorsalis primus muscle, to deliver the detailed description of this arterial variation and based on that to suggest a systematic name of the artery which would be in line with Terminologia Anatomica. METHODS: We used 133 complete donor bodies and 237 cadaverous hands in our study, giving us a total sample size of 503 samples. When possible, we determined the age of the donors which was between 62 and 90 years. We performed detailed anatomical dissection to determine the individual branching. We also measured the diameter of selected arteries. When relevant we performed statistical comparisons. To do that we first applied Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normality of distribution and after that we used Mann-Whitney U test and One-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The variation of interest was found in 11.93% of cases. Based on the anatomical differences we determined four types of branching, type 1-3 forming the anastomosis with superficial palmar arch (being considered as positive findings) and type 4 which did not form this anastomosis (thus considered to be a negative finding). DISCUSSION: We successfully determined the incidence of this arterial variation on a sufficient sample size. We also described the anatomy of this branching in detail and were able to determine four types of this branching. After careful consideration of these findings we proposed the new name for this artery and suggest to use the name superficial dorsal branch of radial artery. This could contribute to a better understanding of this branching and potential use in clinical practice.
- MeSH
- arteria radialis anatomie a histologie MeSH
- disekce metody MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mrtvola MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- ruka anatomie a histologie krevní zásobení MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
