Many frameworks have assessed the ultimate and ontogenetic underpinnings in the development of object permanence, but less is known about whether individual characteristics, such as sex or training level, as well as proximate factors, such as arousal or emotional state, affect performance in these tasks. The current study investigated horses' performance in visible and invisible displacement tasks and assessed whether specific ontogenetic, behavioral, and physiological factors were associated with performance. The study included 39 Icelandic horses aged 2-25 years, of varying training levels. The horses were exposed to three tasks: (a) a choice test (n = 37), (b) a visible displacement task (n = 35), and (c) an invisible displacement task (n = 31). 27 horses in the choice test, and 8 horses in the visible displacement task, performed significantly better than expected by chance, while none did so in the invisible displacement task. This was also reflected in their group performance, where horses performed above chance level in the choice task and the visible displacement task only. In the invisible displacement task, the group performed significantly worse than expected by chance indicating that horses persistently chose the side where they had last seen the target. None of the individual characteristics included in the study had an effect on performance. Unsuccessful horses had higher heart rate levels, and expressed more behavior indicative of frustration, likely because of their inability to solve the task. The increased frustration/arousal could lead to a negative feedback loop, which might hamper performance in subsequent trials. Care should thus be taken in future experimental designs to closely monitor the arousal level of the tested individuals in order to safeguard comparability.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint is a minimally invasive method of treatment located at the boundary between conservative and surgical therapy. It is usually performed on an out-patient basis under local anaesthesia. These days, arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint is used not only in cases of acute closed lock but also in the treatment of various temporomandibular disorders. The most frequent indication is acute anterior displacement of the articular disc without reduction. Treatment using occlusal splint is one of the most frequently used methods of conservative treatment. It is used mainly in the case of discopathies and myofascial pain. AIM: The aim of the study was to confirm that simultaneous use of the occlusal splint and arthrocentesis makes the treatment more effective in the case of detected disc dislocation without reduction. MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS: From 2008 to 2013, 144 patients underwent arthrocentesis simultaneously using occlusal splint in the treatment of chronic closed lock. The study group consisted of a 130 (90.3%) women and 14 (9.7%) men. After 3 months of therapy, a good treatment outcome was found in 98 (68.1%) patients, 12 (85.7%) men and 86 (66.2%) women. The treatment did not have any effect in 46 (31.9%) patients, 2 (14.3%) men and 44 (33.8%) women. CONCLUSION: The simultaneous use of the occlusal splint and arthrocentesis makes the treatment more effective in the case of detected joint disc dislocation without reduction.
- MeSH
- Arthrocentesis methods MeSH
- Temporomandibular Joint Disc MeSH
- Joint Dislocations therapy MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Combined Modality Therapy MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Temporomandibular Joint Disorders therapy MeSH
- Occlusal Splints * MeSH
- Range of Motion, Articular MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Electric Stimulation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Motor Activity MeSH
- Posture MeSH
- Vestibule, Labyrinth MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
The authors prospectively analysed 50 patients with chronic anterior disc displacement without reduction, who underwent arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Patients with symptoms lasting less than 1 year were assigned to Group A (n=28) and patients with symptoms lasting more than 1 year to Group B (n=22). The most common problems were inflammatory changes of synovial and retrodiscal tissue (Group A, 71%; Group B, 82%). Fibrous adhesions were present in 14% of Group A patients and 45% of Group B patients. Degenerative changes of the disc and articular surface were present in 4% of Group A patients and 32% of Group B patients. Mouth opening increased 123% from baseline in Group A, and 112% in Group B (P<0.05). Pain decreased significantly in both groups (Group A, 2.5 points; Group B, 1.68 points; P<0.05). In conclusion, almost all patients with chronic anterior disc displacement without reduction benefited from arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the TMJ. Patients with a shorter duration of symptoms problems benefited more than those with a longer duration. Arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the TMJ is safe and beneficial in chronic anterior disc displacement without reduction.
- MeSH
- Tissue Adhesions surgery MeSH
- Arthroscopy methods MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Chronic Disease MeSH
- Temporomandibular Joint Disc surgery MeSH
- Joint Dislocations surgery MeSH
- Therapeutic Irrigation methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Pain Measurement MeSH
- Temporomandibular Joint Disorders surgery MeSH
- Facial Pain surgery MeSH
- Osteoarthritis surgery MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Range of Motion, Articular physiology MeSH
- Synovitis surgery MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
The effective concentration of a drug in the blood, i.e. the concentration of a free drug in the blood, is influenced by the strength of drug binding onto plasma proteins. Besides its efficacy, these interactions subsequently influence the liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicological properties of the drug. It is important to not only determine the binding strength and stoichiometry, but also the binding site of a drug on the plasma protein molecule, because the co-administration of drugs with the same binding site can affect the above-mentioned concentration and as a result the pharmacological behavior of the drugs and lead to side effects caused by the change in free drug concentration, its toxicity. In this study, the binding characteristics of six drugs with human serum albumin, the most abundant protein in human plasma, were determined by capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis, and the obtained values of binding parameters were compared with the literature data. The effect of several drugs and site markers on the binding of l-tryptophan and lidocaine to human serum albumin was investigated in subsequent displacement studies which thus demonstrated the usability of capillary electrophoresis as an automated high-throughput screening method for drug-protein binding studies.
- MeSH
- Chlorpropamide analysis pharmacology MeSH
- Diclofenac analysis pharmacology MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary MeSH
- Phenylbutazone analysis pharmacology MeSH
- Flurbiprofen analysis pharmacology MeSH
- Ibuprofen analysis pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Lidocaine antagonists & inhibitors chemistry MeSH
- Serum Albumin, Human chemistry MeSH
- Tolbutamide analysis pharmacology MeSH
- Tryptophan antagonists & inhibitors chemistry MeSH
- Binding Sites drug effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY With the concept of the lateral compression plate (LLCP) a technique has been available designed to combine the advantages of a fixed-angle fixation with a complete sinking of the implant into the proximal bone. The objective of the present study was to investigate the results of the LLCP compared with classical screw osteosynthesis (SO). MATERIAL AND METHODS 31 patients with pes planovalgus who received calcaneal displacement osteotomy and osteosyntheses with screws (n = 17) or LLCP (n = 14) between 2010 and 2015 were investigated retrospectively.The ankle-hindfoot scale, Kaikkonen score, VAS, and the SF-36 were determined preoperatively as well as at the last clinical follow-up. In addition, a radiological control of osseous integration was performed in all patients 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS With regard to clinical scores both methods depicted significant improvement. In the overall cohort there were no pseudarthroses. In the SO group 5 cases (29%) showed hardware irritation, in the LLCP group there were none. Results in the LLCP group were significantly superior in the area of the physical section of the SF 36. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of our study, surgical treatment of stage II pes planovalgus by means of calcaneal displacement osteotomy using the LLCP is equivalent to SO with a lower incidence of hardware irritation. Key words:pes planovalgus, lateral compression plate, osteosynthesis, screw, hardware irritation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case serie.
- MeSH
- Outcome Assessment, Health Care MeSH
- Bone Plates MeSH
- Bone Screws MeSH
- Bony Callus diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Osteotomy * adverse effects instrumentation methods MeSH
- Calcaneus surgery MeSH
- Flatfoot diagnosis surgery MeSH
- Postoperative Complications * diagnosis etiology prevention & control MeSH
- Soft Tissue Injuries * diagnosis etiology prevention & control MeSH
- Comparative Effectiveness Research MeSH
- Fracture Fixation, Internal * adverse effects instrumentation methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Germany MeSH
BACKGROUND: Ecological character displacement is a process of phenotypic differentiation of sympatric populations caused by interspecific competition. Such differentiation could facilitate speciation by enhancing reproductive isolation between incipient species, although empirical evidence for it at early stages of divergence when gene flow still occurs between the species is relatively scarce. Here we studied patterns of morphological variation in sympatric and allopatric populations of two hybridizing species of birds, the Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and the Thrush Nightingale (L. luscinia). RESULTS: We conducted principal component (PC) analysis of morphological traits and found that nightingale species converged in overall body size (PC1) and diverged in relative bill size (PC3) in sympatry. Closer analysis of morphological variation along geographical gradients revealed that the convergence in body size can be attributed largely to increasing body size with increasing latitude, a phenomenon known as Bergmann's rule. In contrast, interspecific interactions contributed significantly to the observed divergence in relative bill size, even after controlling for the effects of geographical gradients. We suggest that the divergence in bill size most likely reflects segregation of feeding niches between the species in sympatry. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that interspecific competition for food resources can drive species divergence even in the face of ongoing hybridization. Such divergence may enhance reproductive isolation between the species and thus contribute to speciation.
- MeSH
- Biological Evolution MeSH
- Phenotype MeSH
- Gene Flow MeSH
- Body Size MeSH
- Environment MeSH
- Songbirds anatomy & histology genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- Poland MeSH
Úvod. Nárůst neurogenních luxací kyčelního kloubu u pacientů s dětskou mozkovou obrnou vede ke kombinacím operačních výkonů na svalech - adduktorů a flexorů kyčelních ve snaze zabránit progresi laterální migrace. Materiál. V letech 1999-2002 bylo indikováno k operačnímu výkonu na svalech v oblasti kyčelního kloubu na Ortopedické klinice UK 2. LF a FN Motol 289 pacientů - celkem 589 kyčelních kloubů. Metodika. Operační taktiky zahrnují izolované a kombinované výkony na svalech adduktorech (musculus adductor longus, musculus gracilis) a flexorech kyčelních (musculus iliopsoas, musculus rectus femoris) s následným klinickým a rtg hodnocením podle migračního procenta a Wibergova CE úhlu za 2 až 6 měsíců od operace. Výsledky. Nejlepší klinické a rtg výsledky byly dosaženy u pacientů do 6 let věku. U kombinovaných výkonů na svalech adduktorů a musculus rectus femoris došlo k výraznému zlepšení centrace o 30-90 % podle migračního procenta v 51,7 %, v kombinaci s tenotomií musculus iliopsoas v 55,6 %. Wibergův CE úhel se zvětšil u skupiny lA (do 6 let a 30 % migrace) u kombinovaných výkonů v průměru o 11°, při současném uvolnění musculus iliopsoas o 15°. Ve 2. a 3. věkové skupině do 12 let a od 13 let věku je patrné klinické zlepšení, nálezy na rtg však již nejsou výrazněji signifikantní zejména nad 10 let věku. Diskuse. Výkony na svalech jsou u pacienta s dětskou mozkovou obrnou výkony základními, které mohou zlepšit centraci kyčelního kloubu, eventuálně zabránit progresi migrace. Nejlepší výsledky byly dosaženy u mladších pacientů do 6 let věku kombinovanými operacemi na adduktorech a flexorech kyčlí. Aktivním a včasným operačním přístupem je možné zabránit výkonu na kostech.
Introduction: Increasing incidence of neurogenic luxations of the hip joint in patients with cerebral palsy leads to combined surgeries on muscles - adductors and flexors of the hip in the effort to prevent progression of lateral migration. Material: In 1999-2002, 289 patients (a total of 589 hip joints) were indicated for surgical treatment on muscles in the hip region at the Orthopedic Clinic of 2 nd Medical Faculty, Charles University and Faculty Hospital Motol, Prague. Methods: Surgical approaches include isolated and combined procedures on muscles - adductors (m. adductor longus, m. gracilis) and flexors (m. iliopsoas, m. rectus femoris) of the hip with follow-up clinical and X-ray evaluation using migration per cent value and Wiberg center-edge (CE) angle 2 and 6 months after surgery. Results: Best clinical and X-ray results were achieved in children 6 years and younger. In combined procedures on adductor muscles and m. rectus femoris, a significant improvement in centration (30-90 %) was achieved in 51.7 %, in combination with m. iliopsoas tenotomy, in 55.6 %. Wiberg CE angle increased in group lA (children 6 years and younger and 30 % migration) in combined procedures on average by 11°, after concurrent m. iliopsoas release by 15°. In the 2nd and 3rd age group (under 12 years, 13 years and above, respectively), clinical improvement is apparent but X-ray findings are not markedly significant. especially in age 10 and above. Discussion: Procedures on muscles in cerebral palsy patients are the basic procedures that can improve centration of the hip or prevent migration progression. The best results were achieved in patients under 6 years using combined surgeries on adductors and flexors of the hip. Active and timely operative approach can prevent procedures on bones.
