Plant/soil system
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The soil microbiota exhibits an important function in the ecosystem, and its response to climate change is of paramount importance for sustainable agroecosystems. The macronutrients, micronutrients, and additional constituents vital for the growth of plants are cycled biogeochemically under the regulation of the soil microbiome. Identifying and forecasting the effect of climate change on soil microbiomes and ecosystem services is the need of the hour to address one of the biggest global challenges of the present time. The impact of climate change on the structure and function of the soil microbiota is a major concern, explained by one or more sustainability factors around resilience, reluctance, and rework. However, the past research has revealed that microbial interventions have the potential to regenerate soils and improve crop resilience to climate change factors. The methods used therein include using soil microbes' innate capacity for carbon sequestration, rhizomediation, bio-fertilization, enzyme-mediated breakdown, phyto-stimulation, biocontrol of plant pathogens, antibiosis, inducing the antioxidative defense pathways, induced systemic resistance response (ISR), and releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the host plant. Microbial phytohormones have a major role in altering root shape in response to exposure to drought, salt, severe temperatures, and heavy metal toxicity and also have an impact on the metabolism of endogenous growth regulators in plant tissue. However, shelf life due to the short lifespan and storage time of microbial formulations is still a major challenge, and efforts should be made to evaluate their effectiveness in crop growth based on climate change. This review focuses on the influence of climate change on soil physico-chemical status, climate change adaptation by the soil microbiome, and its future implications.
Water shortage and low organic carbon content in soil limit soil fertility and crop productivity. The use of desalinated seawater is increasing as an alternative source of irrigation water. However, it has a high boron (B) content that could cause toxicity in the plant-soil microbial system. Here, we evaluated the responses of the soil microbiota and lemon trees to 3 irrigation B doses (0.3, 1, and 15 mg L-1) under two types of soil management (conventional, CS; and organic, OS) in a 180-days pot experiment. High B doses promoted B accumulation in soil, reaching harmful concentrations that affected soil biodiversity. Our results suggest a close interaction between B and organic labile fractions that increased B availability in soil solution. Besides, B addition to soil impacted on microbial biomass. The bacterial community showed sensitivity to the B dose. Organic amendment did not increase B soil adsorption but it favored B plant uptake. The highest B dose had a detrimental impact on plant physiology, finally resulting lethal for the plants. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of the microbes-plant interactions in soils irrigated with water with high B content. This will be fundamental in the design of future fertirrigation strategies.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- bor MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- půda * MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses. Heavy metals cause serious damage to plant growth and productivity, which is a major problem for sustainable agriculture. It adversely affects plant molecular physiology and biochemistry by generating osmotic stress, ionic imbalance, oxidative stress, membrane disorganization, cellular toxicity, and metabolic homeostasis. To improve and stimulate plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, the application of biostimulants can be an effective approach without threatening the ecosystem. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a biostimulator, plant growth regulator, and antioxidant, promotes plant tolerance to heavy metal stress by improving redox and nutrient homeostasis, osmotic balance, and primary and secondary metabolism. It is important to perceive the complete and detailed regulatory mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous melatonin-mediated heavy metal-toxicity mitigation in plants to identify potential research gaps that should be addressed in the future. This review provides a novel insight to understand the multifunctional role of melatonin in reducing heavy metal stress and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fyziologický stres fyziologie MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- melatonin metabolismus farmakologie fyziologie MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The Canary Islands, an archipelago east of Morocco's Atlantic coast, present steep altitudinal gradients covering various climatic zones from hot deserts to subalpine Mediterranean, passing through fog-influenced cloud forests. Unlike the majority of the Canarian flora, Pinus canariensis C. Sm. ex DC. in Buch grow along most of these gradients, allowing the study of plant functioning in contrasting ecosystems. Here we assess the water sources (precipitation, fog) of P. canariensis and its physiological behavior in its different natural environments. We analyzed carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of water and organics from atmosphere, soil and different plant organs and tissues (including 10-year annual time series of tree-ring cellulose) of six sites from 480 to 1990 m above sea level on the Canary Island La Palma. We found a decreasing δ18O trend in source water that was overridden by an increasing δ18O trend in needle water, leaf assimilates and tree-ring cellulose with increasing altitude, suggesting site-specific tree physiological responses to relative humidity. Fog-influenced and fog-free sites showed similar δ13C values, suggesting photosynthetic activity to be limited by stomatal closure and irradiance at certain periods. In addition, we observed an 18O-depletion (fog-free and timberline sites) and 13C-depletion (fog-influenced and fog-free sites) in latewood compared with earlywood caused by seasonal differences in: (i) water uptake (i.e., deeper ground water during summer drought, fog water frequency and interception) and (ii) meteorological conditions (stem radial growth and latewood δ18O correlated with winter precipitation). In addition, we found evidence for foliar water uptake and strong isotopic gradients along the pine needle axis in water and assimilates. These gradients are likely the reason for an unexpected underestimation of pine needle water δ18O when applying standard leaf water δ18O models. Our results indicate that soil water availability and air humidity conditions are the main drivers of the physiological behavior of pine along the Canary Island's altitudinal gradients.
- MeSH
- borovice * MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- izotopy kyslíku analýza MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku analýza MeSH
- stromy MeSH
- voda * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Španělsko MeSH
Widely used conazole fungicides (CFs) belong to the most frequently detected pesticides in Central European arable soils. However, data on their environmental behaviour and bioavailability to soil organisms are surprisingly scarce. In the present laboratory microcosm study prochloraz, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole and flusilazole were applied to 12 different agricultural soils at background levels. Bioaccumulation to earthworm E. andrei and lettuce L. sativa roots and leaves was evaluated in non-aged (biota exposure after addition of pesticides) and aged (exposure started three months later) systems. In contrast with expectations from ageing effect (decrease of bioavailability), bioaccumulation in E. andrei was both reduced and enhanced after ageing depending on soil properties. The reduction of bioaccumulation correlated positively to the percentage of clay but negatively to soil organic matter. The affinity of compost worm E. andrei towards organic matter where hydrophobic pesticide molecules are sorbed is discussed as a possible explanation. An apparent effect of ageing (reduction of bioavailability) was particularly observed in lettuce roots, where bioaccumulation was significantly reduced in time. However, bioaccumulation in leaves changed ambiguously in aged variants among CFs, possibly as a combined result of bioconcentration, dilution by plant growth and metabolism. This study brings first insights into how the bioaccumulation of conazole fungicides is affected by sequestration in agricultural soils. The results indicate that in complex systems, the ageing is not necessarily connected with decrease of bioaccumulation.
- MeSH
- bioakumulace MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- epoxidové sloučeniny MeSH
- jíl MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Oligochaeta metabolismus MeSH
- pesticidy analýza MeSH
- průmyslové fungicidy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- salát (hlávkový) metabolismus MeSH
- silany MeSH
- triazoly MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Streptomyces sp. TR1341 was isolated from the sputum of a man with a history of lung and kidney tuberculosis, recurrent respiratory infections, and COPD. It produces secondary metabolites associated with cytotoxicity and immune response modulation. In this study, we complement our previous results by identifying the genetic features associated with the production of these secondary metabolites and other characteristics that could benefit the strain during its colonization of human tissues (virulence factors, modification of the host immune response, or the production of siderophores). We performed a comparative phylogenetic analysis to identify the genetic features that are shared by environmental isolates and human respiratory pathogens. The results showed a high genomic similarity of Streptomyces sp. TR1341 to the plant-associated Streptomyces sp. endophyte_N2, inferring a soil origin of the strain. Putative virulence genes, such as mammalian cell entry (mce) genes were not detected in the TR1341's genome. The presence of a type VII secretion system, distinct from the ones found in Mycobacterium species, suggests a different colonization strategy than the one used by other actinomycete lung pathogens. We identified a higher diversity of genes related to iron acquisition and demonstrated that the strain produces ferrioxamine B in vitro. These results indicate that TR1341 may have an advantage in colonizing environments that are low in iron, such as human tissue.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetické techniky MeSH
- genom genetika MeSH
- geny genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plíce mikrobiologie MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií metody MeSH
- Streptomyces * genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- tkáně mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The trace element selenium (Se) is a crucial element for many living organisms, including soil microorganisms, plants and animals, including humans. Generally, in Nature Se is taken up in the living cells of microorganisms, plants, animals and humans in several inorganic forms such as selenate, selenite, elemental Se and selenide. These forms are converted to organic forms by biological process, mostly as the two selenoamino acids selenocysteine (SeCys) and selenomethionine (SeMet). The biological systems of plants, animals and humans can fix these amino acids into Se-containing proteins by a modest replacement of methionine with SeMet. While the form SeCys is usually present in the active site of enzymes, which is essential for catalytic activity. Within human cells, organic forms of Se are significant for the accurate functioning of the immune and reproductive systems, the thyroid and the brain, and to enzyme activity within cells. Humans ingest Se through plant and animal foods rich in the element. The concentration of Se in foodstuffs depends on the presence of available forms of Se in soils and its uptake and accumulation by plants and herbivorous animals. Therefore, improving the availability of Se to plants is, therefore, a potential pathway to overcoming human Se deficiencies. Among these prospective pathways, the Se-biofortification of plants has already been established as a pioneering approach for producing Se-enriched agricultural products. To achieve this desirable aim of Se-biofortification, molecular breeding and genetic engineering in combination with novel agronomic and edaphic management approaches should be combined. This current review summarizes the roles, responses, prospects and mechanisms of Se in human nutrition. It also elaborates how biofortification is a plausible approach to resolving Se-deficiency in humans and other animals.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia chemie metabolismus MeSH
- biofortifikace * MeSH
- kyselina selenová chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- selen chemie metabolismus MeSH
- selenocystein chemie metabolismus MeSH
- selenomethionin chemie metabolismus MeSH
- selenoproteiny biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The paper deals with the thallium (Tl) access into the white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). We were comparing two approaches: A - hydroponic, B - semi-hydroponic (artificial soil). The kinetics of Tl plant uptake at different available Tl doses (0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 mg L-1) was tested. It was revealed that the hydroponic arrangement did not accelerate the plant uptake of Tl. The concentration of plant Tl was surprisingly roughly double under the semi-hydroponic (artificial soil) conditions as compared to the hydroponic system; the highest Tl concentrations were detected in stems, proving an important role of plant grown strategy on Tl bioaccessibility. We found that almost independently of the initial dose of Tl the juvenile stadium of the mustard can preserve1-2% of the total Tl pool. Up to 95% of this Tl dose is stored in the shoots. The different strategy of the plant growing may strongly affect the path of Tl incorporation. The total Tl input into the leaf tissue in hydroponics may be from 69% (p = 0.01) explained by parallel assimilation of Ca. In contrast, the Tl entry into the leaf grown on the artificial soil could be limited by Mn path (R2 = 0.91, p = 0.01).
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- hořčice rodu Sinapis * MeSH
- hydroponie MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- půda MeSH
- thallium MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have the ability to enhance the growth, fitness, and quality of various agricultural crops, including cowpea. However, field trials confirming the benefits of microbes in large-scale applications using economically viable and efficient inoculation methods are still scarce. Microbial seed coating has a great potential for large-scale agriculture through the application of reduced amounts of PGPR and AM fungi inocula. Thus, in this study, the impact of seed coating with PGPR, Pseudomonas libanensis TR1 and AM fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis (single or multiple isolates) on grain yield and nutrient content of cowpea under low-input field conditions was evaluated. RESULTS: Seed coating with P. libanensis + multiple isolates of R. irregularis (coatPMR) resulted in significant increases in shoot dry weight (76%), and in the number of pods and seeds per plant (52% and 56%, respectively) and grain yield (56%), when compared with non-inoculated control plants. However, seed coating with P. libanensis + R. irregularis single-isolate (coatPR) did not influence cowpea grain yield. Grain lipid content was significantly higher (25%) in coatPMR plants in comparison with control. Higher soil organic matter and lower pH were observed in the coatPMR treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that cowpea field productivity can be improved by seed coating with PGPR and multiple AM fungal isolates under low-input agricultural systems. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Orchids are distributed around the world, however, the factors shaping their specific distribution and habitat preferences are largely unknown. Moreover, many orchids are at risk of becoming threatened as landscapes change, sometimes declining without apparent reason. One important factor affecting plant distribution is nutrient levels in the environment. Nitrates can inhibit not only orchid growth and persistence, but also seed germination. We used in vitro axenic cultures to exactly determine the germination sensitivity of seven orchid species to nitrates and correlated this with soil properties of the natural sites and with the species' habitat preferences. We found high variation in response to nitrate between species. Orchids from oligotrophic habitats were highly sensitive, while orchids from more eutrophic habitats were almost insensitive. Sensitivity to nitrate was also associated with soil parameters that indicated a higher nitrification rate. Our results indicate that nitrate can affect orchid distribution via direct inhibition of seed germination. Nitrate levels in soils are increasing rapidly due to intensification of agricultural processes and concurrent soil pollution, and we propose this increase could cause a decline in some orchid species.
