• MeSH
• populační růst MeSH
• předpověď MeSH
• statistika přirozeného pohybu MeSH

• Konspekt
• Demografie. Populace
• NLK Obory
• demografie

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fertilita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita MeSH
• populační charakteristiky MeSH
• populační růst MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• statistika přirozeného pohybu MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

The crucial steps in biological invasions, related to the shaping of genetic architecture and the current evolution of adaptations to a novel environment, usually occur in small populations during the phases of introduction and establishment. However, these processes are difficult to track in nature due to invasion lag, large geographic and temporal scales compared with human observation capabilities, the frequent depletion of genetic variance, admixture and other phenomena. In this study, we compared genetic and historical evidence related to the invasion of the West European hedgehog to New Zealand to infer details about the introduction and establishment. Historical information indicates that the species was initially established on the South Island. A molecular assay of populations from Great Britain and New Zealand using mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci was performed based on a set of analyses including approximate Bayesian computation, a powerful approach for disentangling complex population demographies. According to these analyses, the population of the North Island was most similar to that of the native area and showed greatest reduction in genetic variation caused by founder demography and/or drift. This evidence indicated the location of the establishment phase. The hypothesis was corroborated by data on climate and urbanization. We discuss the contrasting results obtained by the molecular and historical approaches in the light of their different explanatory power and the possible biases influencing the description of particular aspects of invasions, and we advocate the integration of the two types of approaches in invasion biology.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• ježkovití genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• zavlečené druhy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Zéland MeSH

Populační farmakokinetika je oblast farmakologie, jejímž cílem je tvorba matematického modelu popisujícího farmakokinetiku léčiva v populaci včetně její variability. Tento článek přináší vhled do této problematiky a osvětluje terminologii pro lepší orientaci ve studiích. V úvodu je představena metoda v rámci farmakologie jako celku s důrazem na farmakokinetiku a využití statistických modelů pro optimální dávkování. Další část je rychlým shrnutím historie farmakokinetiky po vytvoření programu NONMEM s navázáním na počítačové zpracování dat v současnosti. Následující část je zaměřena na tvorbu modelu, různé přístupy odhadu parametrů včetně Bayesovské metody, na to navazují metody validace, a dále krátká část týkající se kovariance parametrů. V závěru jsou shrnuty přínosy a pozitiva populační farmakokinetiky a diskuse o jejích limitacích a perspektivách.

Population pharmacokinetics is a field of pharmacology that aims to create a mathematical model describing the pharmacokinetics of a drug in a population, including its variability. This article provides an insight into this field and explains the terminology to better understand the studies. The method is introduced in the context of pharmacology as a whole, with an emphasis on pharmacokinetics and the use of statistical models for optimal dosing. The next section is a quick summary of the history of pharmacokinetics after the creation of NONMEM with a follow-up on computerized data processing today. The following section focuses on model building, various approaches to parameter estimation including the Bayesian method, and continues with validation methods, followed by a short section on parameter covariance. Finally, the benefits and positives of population pharmacokinetics are summarized and a discussion of its limitations and perspectives is provided.

• Klíčová slova
• farmakokinetická analýza, populační farmakokinetika,
• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• farmakokinetika * MeSH
• farmakologie metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• léčivé přípravky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• software MeSH
• statistické modely * MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• validace softwaru MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Most seizure forecasting algorithms have relied on features specific to electroencephalographic recordings. Environmental and physiological factors, such as weather and sleep, have long been suspected to affect brain activity and seizure occurrence but have not been fully explored as prior information for seizure forecasts in a patient-specific analysis. The study aimed to quantify whether sleep, weather, and temporal factors (time of day, day of week, and lunar phase) can provide predictive prior probabilities that may be used to improve seizure forecasts. METHODS: This study performed post hoc analysis on data from eight patients with a total of 12.2 years of continuous intracranial electroencephalographic recordings (average = 1.5 years, range = 1.0-2.1 years), originally collected in a prospective trial. Patients also had sleep scoring and location-specific weather data. Histograms of future seizure likelihood were generated for each feature. The predictive utility of individual features was measured using a Bayesian approach to combine different features into an overall forecast of seizure likelihood. Performance of different feature combinations was compared using the area under the receiver operating curve. Performance evaluation was pseudoprospective. RESULTS: For the eight patients studied, seizures could be predicted above chance accuracy using sleep (five patients), weather (two patients), and temporal features (six patients). Forecasts using combined features performed significantly better than chance in six patients. For four of these patients, combined forecasts outperformed any individual feature. SIGNIFICANCE: Environmental and physiological data, including sleep, weather, and temporal features, provide significant predictive information on upcoming seizures. Although forecasts did not perform as well as algorithms that use invasive intracranial electroencephalography, the results were significantly above chance. Complementary signal features derived from an individual's historic seizure records may provide useful prior information to augment traditional seizure detection or forecasting algorithms. Importantly, many predictive features used in this study can be measured noninvasively.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• časové faktory * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrokortikografie MeSH
• epilepsie patofyziologie   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počasí * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• spánek * MeSH
• záchvaty epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Local extinction and recolonization events can shape genetic structure of subdivided animal populations. The gray wolf (Canis lupus) was extirpated from most of Europe, but recently recolonized big part of its historical range. An exceptionally dynamic expansion of wolf population is observed in the western part of the Great European Plain. Nonetheless, genetic consequences of this process have not yet been fully understood. We aimed to assess genetic diversity of this recently established wolf population in Western Poland (WPL), determine its origin and provide novel data regarding the population genetic structure of the grey wolf in Central Europe. We utilized both spatially explicit and non-explicit Bayesian clustering approaches, as well as a model-independent, multivariate method DAPC, to infer genetic structure in large dataset (881 identified individuals) of wolf microsatellite genotypes. To put the patterns observed in studied population into a broader biogeographic context we also analyzed a mtDNA control region fragment widely used in previous studies. In comparison to a source population, we found slightly reduced allelic richness and heterozygosity in the newly recolonized areas west of the Vistula river. We discovered relatively strong west-east structuring in lowland wolves, probably reflecting founder-flush and allele surfing during range expansion, resulting in clear distinction of WPL, eastern lowland and Carpathian genetic groups. Interestingly, wolves from recently recolonized mountainous areas (Sudetes Mts, SW Poland) clustered together with lowland, but not Carpathian wolf populations. We also identified an area in Central Poland that seems to be a melting pot of western, lowland eastern and Carpathian wolves. We conclude that the process of dynamic recolonization of Central European lowlands lead to the formation of a new, genetically distinct wolf population. Together with the settlement and establishment of packs in mountains by lowland wolves and vice versa, it suggests that demographic dynamics and possibly anthropogenic barriers rather than ecological factors (e.g. natal habitat-biased dispersal patterns) shape the current wolf genetic structure in Central Europe.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• haplotypy genetika   MeSH
• migrace zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• vlci genetika   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND: Understanding population health trends and their key determinants is essential for planning health services and implementing effective interventions. One of these determinants may be national cultural characteristics that are related to various health outcomes and health-related behaviours. However, little is known about their potential association to overall burden of disease. Thus, this study examined whether cultural characteristics expressed by Hofstede indexes are associated with the burden of disease. METHODS: We used data from open-source databases - Hofstede's Cultural Index, the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) and the Human Development Index (HDI). The final sample comprised 69 countries covering all the continents. The burden of disease was measured using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disabilities (YLD), and years of life lost (YLL). National cultural characteristics were measured using Hofstede's dimensions. Bayesian correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationships between cultural dimensions and health outcomes, stratified by countries' HDI levels. RESULTS: In countries with a very high HDI, there was strong evidence (Bayes Factor > 10) of a positive correlation of Power distance with the total disability-adjusted life years (r = 0.448) and years of life lost (r = 0.528), and Individualism (r = 0.667) and Indulgence (r = 0.494) with years lived with disabilities. In contrast, Long-term orientation negatively correlated of with years lived with disabilities (r = -0.527) and Indulgence with disability-adjusted life years (r = -0.437) and years of life lost (r = -0.537). Further, Power distance and Indulgence were correlated with the majority of the GBD indicators and Individualism with a few GBD indicators. In countries with a high and medium HDI, strong evidence of the associations was found in only a few cases. CONCLUSION: We found a correlation between national cultural characteristics and burden of disease. Policy-makers should consider integrating cultural factors into public health strategies to better align healthcare interventions with the local population's values and behaviours. Moreover, cross-cultural research and collaboration should increase to understand how cultural influences can be used to mitigate disease burdens and improve health outcomes globally. This study also opens a potentially new research area within population health research.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• globální zátěž nemocemi * MeSH
• kulturní charakteristiky * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
• počet let života s onemocněním MeSH
• zdravotní stav populace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• geriatrie * trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• populační charakteristiky MeSH
• populační předpověď MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva * statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• populační dynamika statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• populační předpověď MeSH
• populační růst MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH