Third edition xxi, 1071, liv stran : ilustrace ; 29 cm
"The 2nd edition of Diagnostic Imaging: Abdomen was a major expansion of the 1st edition, containing over 150 additional diagnoses. In planning this, the 3rd edition, we soon realized that comprehensive coverage of all of the advances in imaging and management of abdominal disorders was no longer possible in a single volume text. Therefore, we elected to separate diagnoses into those judged primarily "gastrointestinal," covered in this thoroughly updated text, from the "genitourinary" topics, to be covered in a subsequent book. We have updated and replaced most images from the 2nd edition, maintaining only those judged to be so classic that newer examples would not be an improvement. All references and text have been updated as well, with all material being current to within a few months of the publication date of this book."--Provided by publisher.
Raman imaging allows one to obtain spatially resolved chemical information in a nondestructive manner. Herein, we present analytical aspects of effective in situ and in vivo Raman imaging of algae and cyanobacteria from within their native rock habitats. Specifically, gypsum and halite inhabited by endolithic communities from the hyperarid Atacama Desert were analyzed. Raman imaging of these phototrophic colonization reveals a pigment composition within the aggregates that helps in understanding some of their adaptation strategies to survive in this harsh polyextreme environment. The study is focused on methodical aspects of Raman imaging acquisition and subsequent data processing. Point imaging is compared with line imaging in terms of their image quality, spatial resolution, spectral signal-to-noise ratio, time requirements, and risk of laser-induced sample alteration. The roles of excitation wavelength, exposure time, and step size of the imaging grid on successful Raman imaging results are also discussed. Graphical abstract.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely studied for their beneficial antimicrobial effect and have been considered by some to be a safe ingredient, as penetration of metal nanoparticles through the skin in vivo has not been proven. However, AgNPs are becoming a commonly applied nanomaterial for surface modifications of medical products which come into contact with damaged skin. In our experiments, we tested two commercially available AgNPs samples manufactured by electrolysis. AFM was used to characterize tested AgNPs morphology and their mean particle size which was assessed as 30.6nm and 20.4nm. An important mechanism of AgNPs cytotoxicity is generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), chemically reactive species containing oxygen. Although ROS occur in cell metabolism naturally, their overproduction can induce oxidative stress - imbalance between production and antioxidant defenses. This can be associated with cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Conventional in vitro tests were used to evaluate the cytotoxic potential and DNA damage in BJ human fibroblasts cell lines. We found that both tested AgNPs samples induced ROS generation and caused the DNA damage in fibroblasts. One of the key concerns about the association with cytotoxic or genotoxic responses of nanoparticles is the capability of these materials to penetrate through cellular membrane. Cellular uptake studies were performed using Raman imaging as a label-free microscopic technique. In combination with a univariate image analysis, results demonstrate cellular uptake and distribution of the AgNPs which were taken up by BJ cells within 24h of incubation in a growth medium. The study demonstrates the potential of Raman imaging to unambiguously identify and localize AgNPs in fixed cells.
- MeSH
- Cell Line MeSH
- Fibroblasts metabolism MeSH
- Metal Nanoparticles * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman MeSH
- Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism MeSH
- Silver metabolism MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
The Raman imaging method was successfully applied for mapping the distribution of biomolecules (e.g., pigments) associated with cryptoendolithic and hypoendolithic microorganisms, as well as the inorganic host mineral matrix that forms the habitat for the biota. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study in the field of geomicrobiology based on this technique. The studied microbial ecosystem was located nearly 3000 m above sea level within the driest desert on Earth, the Atacama in Chile. Enhancement of carotenoid Raman signal intensity close to the surface was registered at different areas of endolithic colonization dominated by algae, with cyanobacteria present as well. This is interpreted as an adaptation mechanism to the excessive solar irradiation. On the other hand, cyanobacteria synthesize scytonemin as a passive UV-screening pigment (found at both the hypoendolithic and cryptoendolithic positions). The distribution of the scytonemin Raman signal was mapped simultaneously with the surrounding mineral matrix. Thus, mapping was done of the phototrophic microorganisms in their original microhabitat together with the host rock environment. Important information which was resolved from the Raman imaging dataset of the host rock is about the hydration state of Ca-sulfate, demonstrated on the presence of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and the absence of both anhydrite (CaSO4) and bassanite (CaSO4·1/2H2O). Obtaining combined "in situ" simultaneous information from the geological matrix (inorganic) together with the microbial biomolecules (organic) is discussed and concluded as an important advantage of this technique. We discuss how selection of the laser wavelength (785 and 514.5-nm) influences the Raman imaging results.
- MeSH
- Bacteria chemistry isolation & purification metabolism radiation effects MeSH
- Ecosystem MeSH
- Geologic Sediments chemistry microbiology MeSH
- Carotenoids analysis metabolism MeSH
- Desert Climate MeSH
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman methods MeSH
- Calcium Sulfate MeSH
- Light MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Evaluation Study MeSH
Endodontic treatment of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp poses several clinical challenges and is one of the most demanding interventions in endodontics. Recently, with new discoveries in the field of tissue engineering, novel treatment protocols have been established. The most promising treatment modality is revascularization, whose integral part is the exposure of collagen matrix and embedded growth factors. However, optimization of the treatment protocol requires a development of analytical procedures able to analyze growth factors directly on the sample surface. In this work, method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed to investigate the influence of the time of the medical treatment using EDTA on exposure and accessibility of the growth factors, namely TGF-ß1, BMP-2, and bFGF on the dentine surface. The nanotags, which consist of magnetic Fe3O4@Ag nanocomposite covalently functionalized by tagged antibodies (anti-TGF-ß1-Cy3, anti-BMP-2-Cy5, and anti-bFGF-Cy7), were employed as a SERS substrate. Each antibody was coupled with a unique label allowing us to perform a parallel analysis of all three growth factors within one analytical run. Developed methodology presents an interesting alternative to a fluorescence microscopy and in contrary allows evaluating a chemical composition and thus minimizing possible false-positive results. Graphical abstract.
- MeSH
- Dentin chemistry MeSH
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 analysis MeSH
- Dental Pulp Cavity chemistry MeSH
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nanocomposites chemistry MeSH
- Ferrosoferric Oxide chemistry MeSH
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman methods MeSH
- Silver chemistry MeSH
- Transforming Growth Factor beta analysis MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases diagnosis complications therapy MeSH
- Radiology, Interventional methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods utilization MeSH
- Lung Neoplasms complications therapy MeSH
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods utilization MeSH
- Postoperative Complications MeSH
- Postoperative Care MeSH
- Reference Standards MeSH
- Quality Control MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Stents utilization MeSH
- Superior Vena Cava Syndrome complications therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Practice Guideline MeSH
This paper highlights some of the key technologies of using two innovative molecular imaging modalites, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nonlinear optical microscopy, for imaging intravenously injected ultra small paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles cross linked with antibodies (CLUSPIO) in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) experimental model in vivo or ex vivo, respectively. Intensive efforts have been made in investigating the causes of abnormalities in lipid metabolism, monitored in some neurodegenerative disorders systems. It has been shown that an abnormal accumulation of some common lipids in motor nerve cells may play a critical role in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The presented experiments were performed on brain specimens from the transgenic rat model expressing multiple copies of mutated (G93A) human SOD-1 gene, after CD4+ lymphocytes were magnetically labeled with i.v.i. CLUSPIO antibodies. In vivo MRI revealed marked signal intensity enhancements in specific pathological regions of the ALS rat brain as compared to the wild type. Surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SECARS) microscopy indicated cellular interactions based on lipids association to anti-CD4 CLUSPIO
- MeSH
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis diagnosis etiology MeSH
- CD4 Antigens diagnostic use metabolism MeSH
- Animal Experimentation MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Lymphocytes physiology metabolism pathology MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods instrumentation utilization MeSH
- Lipid Metabolism MeSH
- Microscopy methods instrumentation utilization MeSH
- Molecular Imaging methods utilization MeSH
- Nanoparticles diagnostic use MeSH
- Neurodegenerative Diseases diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- Rats, Transgenic MeSH
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman methods MeSH
- Iron Compounds diagnostic use MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
In recent years, fluorescent nanodiamond (fND) particles containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers gained recognition as an attractive probe for nanoscale cellular imaging and quantum sensing. For these applications, precise localization of fNDs inside of a living cell is essential. Here we propose such a method by simultaneous detection of the signal from the NV centers and the spectroscopic Raman signal from the cells to visualize the nucleus of living cells. However, we show that the commonly used Raman cell signal from the fingerprint region is not suitable for organelle imaging in this case. Therefore, we develop a method for nucleus visualization exploiting the region-specific shape of C-H stretching mode and further use k-means cluster analysis to chemically distinguish the vicinity of fNDs. Our technique enables, within a single scan, to detect fNDs, distinguish by chemical localization whether they have been internalized into cell and simultaneously visualize cell nucleus without any labeling or cell-fixation. We show for the first time spectral colocalization of unmodified high-pressure high-temperature fND probes with the cell nucleus. Our methodology can be, in principle, extended to any red- and near-infrared-luminescent cell-probes and is fully compatible with quantum sensing measurements in living cells.
- MeSH
- Cell Nucleus ultrastructure MeSH
- Cytological Techniques MeSH
- Fluorescent Dyes MeSH
- Cells, Cultured MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Molecular Imaging methods MeSH
- Cell Line, Tumor MeSH
- Nanodiamonds * MeSH
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman MeSH
- Dental Pulp cytology diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
The biofilm-forming microbial species Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been recently linked to serious infections associated with implanted medical devices. We studied microbial biofilms by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which allowed us to visualize the biofilm structure, including the distribution of cells inside the extracellular matrix and the areas of surface adhesion. We compared classical SEM (chemically fixed samples) with cryogenic SEM, which employs physical sample preparation based on plunging the sample into various liquid cryogens, as well as high-pressure freezing (HPF). For imaging the biofilm interior, we applied the freeze-fracture technique. In this study, we show that the different means of sample preparation have a fundamental influence on the observed biofilm structure. We complemented the SEM observations with Raman spectroscopic analysis, which allowed us to assess the time-dependent chemical composition changes of the biofilm in vivo. We identified the individual spectral peaks of the biomolecules present in the biofilm and we employed principal component analysis (PCA) to follow the temporal development of the chemical composition.
- MeSH
- Bacterial Infections diagnosis microbiology MeSH
- Biofilms growth & development MeSH
- Candida parapsilosis isolation & purification pathogenicity ultrastructure MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning MeSH
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman MeSH
- Staphylococcus epidermidis isolation & purification pathogenicity ultrastructure MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
