Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) catalyzes two steps in de novo purine synthesis (DNPS). Mutations in ADSL can result in inborn errors of metabolism characterized by developmental delay and disorder phenotypes, with no effective treatment options. Recently, SAICAR, a metabolic substrate of ADSL, has been found to have alternative roles in the cell, complicating the role of ADSL. crADSL, a CRISPR KO of ADSL in HeLa cells, was constructed to investigate DNPS and ADSL in a human cell line. Here we employ this cell line in an RNA-seq analysis to initially investigate the effect of DNPS and ADSL deficiency on the transcriptome as a first step in establishing a cellular model of ADSL deficiency. We report transcriptome changes in genes relevant to development, vascular development, muscle, and cancer biology, which provide interesting avenues for future research.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Stable isotope dilution coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the sensitive method for screening for various inherited metabolic disorders using dried blood spots (DBSs). We present a method for LC-MS/MS determination of succinyladenosine (SAdo) and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide riboside (SAICAr), biomarkers for adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency (dADSL), in DBS. DESIGN AND METHODS: SAICAr and SAdo were separated on a Symmetry-C18 column and detected using positive electrospray ionisation in selected reaction monitoring mode. The quantification was performed using the isotopically labelled internal standards SAdo-(13)C4 and SAICAr-(13)C4, which were prepared via ADSL-catalysed reactions of fumarate-(13)C4 with adenosine monophosphate and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide, respectively, and subsequent alkaline phosphatase-catalysed dephosphorylation of the resulting products. RESULTS: The detection of SAICAr and SAdo in DBS was linear over the range of 0-25μmol/L. The respective intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision values were less than 10.7% and 15.2% for SAICAr and 4.7% and 5.7% for SAdo. The recoveries from DBS spiked with different concentrations of SAICAr and SAdo were between 94% and 117%. The concentrations of SAICAr and SAdo were higher in the archived DBS from dADSL patients (SAICAr, 0.03-4.7μmol/L; SAdo, 1.5-21.3μmol/L; n=5) compared to those of the control subjects (SAICAr, 0-0.026μmol/L; SAdo, 0.06-0.14μmol/L; n=31), even after DBSs from dADSL patients were stored for 2-23years. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and validated a method of succinylpurine analysis in DBS that improves selective screening for dADSL in the paediatric population and may be used for retrospective diagnosis to aid the genetic counselling of affected families.

• MeSH
• adenosin analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• adenylsukcinátlyasa krev   nedostatek   MeSH
• aminoimidazolkarboxamid analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• izotopy uhlíku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• poruchy metabolismu purinů a pyrimidinů krev   diagnóza   MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• ribonukleosidy krev   MeSH
• tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie metody   MeSH
• test suché kapky krve metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cíl: V současné době byly identifikovány tři defekty v purinové de novo syntéze (PDNS). V případě deficitních enzymů jsou v tělních tekutinách pacientů akumulovány abnormální defosforylované substráty (aminoimidazolové ribosidy). Cílem této práce bylo studovat hmotově-spektrometrické vlastnosti aminoimidazolových ribosidů spojených s druhou polovinou PDNS. Metody: Aminoimidazolové ribosidy byly syntetizovány a chemicky charakterizovány. Technika kapalinová chromatografie s hmotnostní spektrometrií byla aplikována pro strukturní identifikaci. MS analýza byla provedena na LCQ hmotnostním spektrometru s iontovou pastí (Finnigan MAT, San Jose, USA). Pro ionizaci byla zvolena chemická ionizace za atmosferického tlaku. Výsledky: Účinnost syntézy ribosidů byla více než 90% a obdržená fragmentační spektra potvrdila jejich identitu. Při fragmentaci ztrácí imidazolový kruh substituenty ve formě malých molekul (NH3, CO2 nebo CO). Sukcinylaminoimidazol karboxamid ribosidu (SAICAr) odštěpuje buď N-sukcinokarboxamid jako celek, nebo se z něj pouze odštěpují skupiny vody z karboxylových skupin. Otevření imidazolového kruhu nebylo sledováno u žádné látky. Závěr: Výše popsaná charakteristika může být užitečná pro vývoj nových metod pro diagnostiku známých či zatím neodhalených defektů druhé poloviny PDNS.

Objectives: Three defects have been identified in purine de novo synthesis (PDNS). Dephosphorylated substrates (imidazole ribosides) of the deficient enzymes are accumulated in body fluids in affected patients. The aim of this work was to investigate mass spectrometric properties of aminoimidazole ribosides related to the second half of PDNS. Methods: These aminoimidazole ribosides were synthesised and chemically characterised. Liquid chromatography- -mass spectrometry technique was applied for structural identification. MS analysis was carried out using an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer (Finnigan MAT, San Jose, USA). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source was employed. Results: Synthesis yielded ribosides with more than 90% purity and obtained fragmentation spectra confirmed their identity. The imidazole ring loses its substituents in the form of small molecules (NH3, CO2 or CO) in mass spectrometry fragmentation. The N-succinocarboxamide group of succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide riboside (SAICAr) either loses water from the free carboxyl groups or breaks away as a whole. Opening of the imidazole ring was not observed for any compound. Conclusions: Characteristics described above can be useful for development of new methods for diagnosing of known as well as unrevealed defects of second part of PDNS.

• MeSH
• aminoimidazolkarboxamid diagnostické užití   chemie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• plynová chromatografie s hmotnostně spektrometrickou detekcí metody   MeSH
• poruchy metabolismu purinů a pyrimidinů diagnóza   enzymologie   MeSH
• ribonukleosidy diagnostické užití   chemická syntéza   chemie   MeSH

Cíl studie: Analýza erytrocytárních nukleotidů je využívána k diagnostice defektů záchranných cest purinového metabolismu. Cílem této práce je objasnit, zda je toto vyšetření použitelné také v diagnostice defektů druhé poloviny purinové de novo syntézy (PDNS). Ke studiu membránového transportu a následné biotransformace byly použity defosforylované meziprodukty druhé poloviny PDNS. Materiál a metody: Patofyziologická situace u pacientů trpících deficity PDNS byla simulována inkubací nativních erytrocytů, erytrocytárních membrán a lyzovaných erytrocytů s defosforylovanými meziprodukty druhé poloviny PDNS: 5-aminoimidazolribosid (AIr), 5-amino-4-imidazolkarboxribosid (CAIr), 5-amino-4-imidazolsukcinokarboxamidribosid (SAICAr), 5-formamido-4-karboxamidribosid (FAICAr) a 5-amino-4-imidazolkarboxamidribosid (AICAr). Tyto sloučeniny byly chemicky syntetizovány a použity jako standardní látky. Inkubační směsi byly analyzovány pomocí kapilární elektroforézy s UV detekcí pomocí tří separačních systémů, které dovolují analyzovat ribosidy i ribotidy. Výsledky: Jen dva ze studovaných ribosidů (AICAr, FAICAr) prostoupily membránou erytrocytu v detekovatelném množství. Pouze AICAr je vhodným substrátem erytrocytárních kináz a je konvertován na odpovídající mono-, di- a trifosfáty. Závěr: Výsledky ukazují, že analýza erytrocytů je použitelná pouze pro diagnostiku defektu bifunkčního enzymu AICAR- -transformylázy/IMP-cyklohydrolázy.

Objective: Analysis of erythrocyte nucleotides is useful for diagnosing defects in purine salvage pathways. The aim of this work was to elucidate whether the investigation could be used in diagnosing defects of a second part purine de novo synthesis (PDNS). Dephosphorylated intermediates of the second part of PDNS (aminoimidazoleribosides) were used for membrane transport and biotransformation study. Material and Methods: Pathophysiological situation in patients suffering from defects of PDNS was simulated by incubation of native erythrocytes, erythrocyte membranes and erythrocyte lysates with dephosphorylated intermediates of second part of PDNS: 5-amino-4-imidazoleriboside (AIr), 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxyriboside (CAIr), 5-amino-4- -imidazolesuccinocarboxamideriboside (SAICAr), 5-formylamino-4-imidazolecarboxamideriboside (FAICAr) a 5-amino- -4-imidazolecarboxamideriboside (AICAr). The compounds were synthesized and taken as standard compounds. Incubation mixtures were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using three separation systems allowing analysis of both ribosides and ribotides. Results: Two of all studied ribosides (AICAr a FAICAr) were able to permeate through the erythrocyte membrane in detectable amounts. AICAr is an acceptable substrate for erythrocyte kinases and is converted to mono-, di- and triphosphates. Conclusions: The results suggest that erythrocytes are only useful for diagnosing AICAR-transformylase/IMPcyclohydrolase deficiency.

• MeSH
• aminoimidazolkarboxamid diagnostické užití   chemie   krev   MeSH
• erytrocyty MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• poruchy metabolismu purinů a pyrimidinů diagnóza   enzymologie   MeSH
• ribonukleosidy diagnostické užití   krev   MeSH

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) functions in de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) and the purine nucleotide cycle. ADSL deficiency (ADSLD) causes numerous neurodevelopmental pathologies, including microcephaly and autism spectrum disorder. ADSLD patients have normal serum purine nucleotide levels but exhibit accumulation of dephosphorylated ADSL substrates, S-Ado, and SAICAr, the latter being implicated in neurotoxic effects through unknown mechanisms. We examined the phenotypic effects of ADSL depletion in human cells and their relation to phenotypic outcomes. Using specific interventions to compensate for reduced purine levels or modulate SAICAr accumulation, we found that diminished AMP levels resulted in increased DNA damage signaling and cell cycle delays, while primary ciliogenesis was impaired specifically by loss of ADSL or administration of SAICAr. ADSL-deficient chicken and zebrafish embryos displayed impaired neurogenesis and microcephaly. Neuroprogenitor attrition in zebrafish embryos was rescued by pharmacological inhibition of DNPS, but not increased nucleotide concentration. Zebrafish also displayed phenotypes commonly linked to ciliopathies. Our results suggest that both reduced purine levels and impaired DNPS contribute to neurodevelopmental pathology in ADSLD and that defective ciliogenesis may influence the ADSLD phenotypic spectrum.

• MeSH
• adenylsukcinátlyasa nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• aminoimidazolkarboxamid analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• autistická porucha metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• buněčný cyklus MeSH
• ciliopatie metabolismus   MeSH
• dánio pruhované metabolismus   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fosfoproteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• kur domácí metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrocefalie metabolismus   MeSH
• neurogeneze * MeSH
• poruchy autistického spektra metabolismus   MeSH
• poruchy metabolismu purinů a pyrimidinů metabolismus   MeSH
• poškození DNA MeSH
• proteiny asociované s mikrotubuly metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny buněčného cyklu metabolismus   MeSH
• puriny metabolismus   MeSH
• ribonukleotidy metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is neurometabolic disease characterized by accumulation of dephosphorylated enzyme substrates SAICA-riboside (SAICAr) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in body fluids of affected individuals. The phenotypic severity differs considerably among patients: neonatal fatal, severe childhood, and moderate phenotypic forms correlating with different values for the ratio between S-Ado and SAICAr concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid have been distinguished. To reveal the biochemical and structural basis for this phenotypic heterogeneity, we expressed and characterized 19 ADSL mutant proteins identified in 16 patients representing clinically distinct subgroups. Respecting compound heterozygosity and considering the homotetrameric structure of ADSL, we used intersubunit complementation and prepared and characterized genotype-specific heteromeric mutant ADSL complexes. We correlated clinical phenotypes with biochemical properties of the mutant proteins and predicted structural impacts of the mutations. We found that phenotypic severity in ADSL deficiency is correlated with residual enzymatic activity and structural stability of the corresponding mutant ADSL complexes and does not seem to result from genotype-specific disproportional catalytic activities toward one of the enzyme substrates. This suggests that the S-Ado/SAICAr ratio is probably not predictive of phenotype severity; rather, it may be secondary to the degree of the patient's development (i.e., to the age of the patient at the time of sample collection).

• MeSH
• adenylsukcinátlyasa chemie   nedostatek   genetika   MeSH
• elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetická heterogenita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multienzymové komplexy chemie   nedostatek   genetika   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• mutantní proteiny chemie   genetika   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• sekundární struktura proteinů MeSH
• stabilita enzymů MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cytotoxicity of de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) metabolites is critical to the pathogenesis of three known and one putative autosomal recessive disorder affecting DNPS. These rare disorders are caused by biallelic mutations in the DNPS genes phosphoribosylformylglycineamidine synthase (PFAS), phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxylase/phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (PAICS), adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC) and are clinically characterized by developmental abnormalities, psychomotor retardation, and nonspecific neurological impairment. At a biochemical level, loss of function of specific mutated enzymes results in elevated levels of DNPS ribosides in body fluids. The main pathogenic effect is attributed to the accumulation of DNPS ribosides, which are postulated to be toxic to the organism. Therefore, we decided to characterize the uptake and flux of several DNPS metabolites in HeLa cells and the impact of DNPS metabolites to viability of cancer cell lines and primary skin fibroblasts. We treated cells with DNPS metabolites and followed their flux in purine synthesis and degradation. In this study, we show for the first time the transport of formylglycinamide ribotide (FGAR), aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR), succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (SAICAR), and aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) into cells and their flux in DNPS and the degradation pathway. We found diminished cell viability mostly in the presence of FGAR and AIR. Our results suggest that direct cellular toxicity of DNPS metabolites may not be the primary pathogenetic mechanism in these disorders.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We report for the first time an autosomal recessive inborn error of de novo purine synthesis (DNPS)-PAICS deficiency. We investigated two siblings from the Faroe Islands born with multiple malformations resulting in early neonatal death. Genetic analysis of affected individuals revealed a homozygous missense mutation in PAICS (c.158A>G; p.Lys53Arg) that affects the structure of the catalytic site of the bifunctional enzyme phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (AIRC, EC 4.1.1.21)/phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase (SAICARS, EC 6.3.2.6) (PAICS). The mutation reduced the catalytic activity of PAICS in heterozygous carrier and patient skin fibroblasts to approximately 50 and 10% of control levels, respectively. The catalytic activity of the corresponding recombinant enzyme protein carrying the mutation p.Lys53Arg expressed and purified from E. coli was reduced to approximately 25% of the wild-type enzyme. Similar to other two known DNPS defects-adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency and AICA-ribosiduria-the PAICS mutation prevented purinosome formation in the patient's skin fibroblasts, and this phenotype was corrected by transfection with the wild-type but not the mutated PAICS. Although aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) and aminoimidazole riboside (AIr), the enzyme substrates that are predicted to accumulate in PAICS deficiency, were not detected in patient's fibroblasts, the cytotoxic effect of AIr on various cell lines was demonstrated. PAICS deficiency is a newly described disease that enhances our understanding of the DNPS pathway and should be considered in the diagnosis of families with recurrent spontaneous abortion or early neonatal death.

• MeSH
• adenylsukcinátlyasa nedostatek   MeSH
• autistická porucha MeSH
• fatální výsledek MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• karboxylyasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mnohočetné abnormality genetika   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• peptidsynthasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• perinatální smrt MeSH
• poruchy metabolismu purinů a pyrimidinů MeSH
• puriny biosyntéza   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Dánsko MeSH