Symbiotic interaction
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Thanks to modern molecular biology methods, our understanding of the impact of (endo)symbiotic bacteria on parasitic protists and helminths is growing fast. In this issue, 9 papers have been brought together that describe various facets of the relationships between these microorganisms, reveal their range and high frequency, as well as their capacity to create novel biological complexity. Comparative analyses of these host-endosymbiont interactions indicate that there may be no discrete types of relationships but rather a continuum ranging from a dispensable endosymbiont minimally integrated within the host cell to organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids that evolved into an indispensable, deeply integrated components of the cell. We hope that this series of studies on parasites and (endo)symbiotic bacteria will increase awareness about these relationships and their representation in microbial ecology models.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- organely MeSH
- paraziti mikrobiologie MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- úvodníky MeSH
Symbiosis plays a fundamental role in nature. Lichens are among the best known, globally distributed symbiotic systems whose ecology is shaped by the requirements of all symbionts forming the holobiont. The widespread lichen-forming fungal genus Stereocaulon provides a suitable model to study the ecology of microscopic green algal symbionts (i.e., phycobionts) within the lichen symbiosis. We analysed 282 Stereocaulon specimens, collected in diverse habitats worldwide, using the algal ITS rDNA and actin gene sequences and fungal ITS rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a great diversity among the predominant phycobionts. The algal genus Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae) was recovered in most sampled thalli, but two additional genera, Vulcanochloris and Chloroidium, were also found. We used variation-partitioning analyses to investigate the effects of climatic conditions, substrate/habitat characteristic, spatial distribution and mycobionts on phycobiont distribution. Based on an analogy, we examined the effects of climate, substrate/habitat, spatial distribution and phycobionts on mycobiont distribution. According to our analyses, the distribution of phycobionts is primarily driven by mycobionts and vice versa. Specificity and selectivity of both partners, as well as their ecological requirements and the width of their niches, vary significantly among the species-level lineages. We demonstrated that species-level lineages, which accept more symbiotic partners, have wider climatic niches, overlapping with the niches of their partners. Furthermore, the survival of lichens on substrates with high concentrations of heavy metals appears to be supported by their association with toxicity-tolerant phycobionts. In general, low specificity towards phycobionts allows the host to associate with ecologically diversified algae, thereby broadening its ecological amplitude.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- biologická evoluce MeSH
- Chlorophyta genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- ekologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- lišejníky genetika růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- symbióza genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Eukaryotes commonly host communities of heritable symbiotic bacteria, many of which are not essential for their hosts' survival and reproduction. There is laboratory evidence that these facultative symbionts can provide useful adaptations, such as increased resistance to natural enemies. However, we do not know how symbionts affect host fitness when the latter are subject to attack by a natural suite of parasites and pathogens. Here, we test whether two protective symbionts, Regiella insecticola and Hamiltonella defensa, increase the fitness of their host, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), under natural conditions. We placed experimental populations of two pea aphid lines, each with and without symbionts, in five wet meadow sites to expose them to a natural assembly of enemy species. The aphids were then retrieved and mortality from parasitoids, fungal pathogens and other causes assessed. We found that both Regiella and Hamiltonella reduce the proportion of aphids killed by the specific natural enemies against which they have been shown to protect in laboratory and cage experiments. However, this advantage was nullified (Hamiltonella) or reversed (Regiella) by an increase in mortality from other natural enemies and by the cost of carrying the symbiont. Symbionts therefore affect community structure by altering the relative success of different natural enemies. Our results show that protective symbionts are not necessarily advantageous to their hosts, and may even behave more like parasites than mutualists. Nevertheless, bacterial symbionts may play an important role in determining food web structure and dynamics.
- MeSH
- Enterobacteriaceae fyziologie MeSH
- genetická zdatnost MeSH
- houby fyziologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
- mšice genetika mikrobiologie parazitologie fyziologie MeSH
- sršňovití fyziologie MeSH
- symbióza * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Důsledky separace dětí od matek po porodu jsou známé a nepopiratelné. Bonding je velmi přínosný a smysluplný, přesto není v mnoha porodnicích podporován. Matka a novorozenec se chovají přirozeně a velmi odlišně, jsou-li v bondingu podporováni, či nikoli. Autorka článku oslovila matky a pouze 11 z 52 žen rodících v českých porodnicích mělo nepřerušený kontakt s dítětem prvních 12 hodin jeho života. Zkoumané souvislosti mezi různými patologickými stavy u dětí i matek podporují důležitost bondingu a uznávají jej jako nutný faktor pro zdravou vazbu mezi matkou a dítětem.
The consequences of separating the mother and her child after labor are very well known and respected. Although motherchild bonding is very important many delivery departments do not support it. The mother and child's behavior depends on whether the boding is promoted or not. The author of the article has done a survey among mothers and found out that only 11 out of 52 new mothers has had an uninterrupted contact with their child within the first twelve hours of its life. Studied relations between various pathologies in mothers and children have supported the importance of bonding and respect it as necessary for healthy relationship between the mother and her child.
Mateřská deprese je jednou z nejčastějších prenatálních a postnatálních komplikací. Takové komplikace mohou vážně ohrozit neuropsychický vývoj nového jedince. Článek poskytuje přehled možných biologických, neurologických a psychologických faktorů, které mohou být zahrnuty mezi faktory rizikové. Perinatální deprese matky je prezentována a diskutována jako příklad interakce placentárních, epigenetických a raných rodičovských faktorů, které zvyšují riziko narušení vývoje plodu, novorozence, kojence a dítěte v dalších věkových obdobích. Dostupné důkazy poukazují na důležitost vlivů, které působí na jedince již v děloze matky, stejně jako na význam časné citové vazby a mateřské péče. Je zřejmé, že modely rané etiologie duševních poruch, jakou je i perinatální deprese, jsou složité s řadou potenciálních faktorů od genetických a epigenetických až po faktory prostředí, jež ovlivňují neurologický, emoční a psychosociální vývoj.
Maternal depression is one of the most common prenatal and postnatal complications. Such complications may seriously compromised the neuropsychological development of the new being. This paper provides an overview of potential biological, neurological and psychological factors that might be involved into the risk factors. Perinatal maternal depression is presented and reviewed as an example of the interaction of placental, epigenetic and early parenting factors elevating risk of poor fetus, neonatal, infant and child development. Available evidence points to the importance of in-utero influences as well as the importance of early attachment and parenting. It is pointed out that models of the early aetiology of mental disorders, such as perinatal depression, are complex with a range of potential factors from genetic and epigenetic to environmental influencing neurological, emotional and psychosocial development.
- Klíčová slova
- citlivost,
- MeSH
- centrální nervový systém fyziologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- deprese * epidemiologie etiologie genetika psychologie MeSH
- epigeneze genetická fyziologie MeSH
- hormon uvolňující kortikotropin fyziologie MeSH
- interakce genů a prostředí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- peripartální období fyziologie genetika psychologie MeSH
- placenta fyziologie MeSH
- připoutání k objektu MeSH
- rodičovství psychologie MeSH
- sociální interakce MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vývoj dítěte * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Infant attachment remains virtually unexplored in former Eastern Bloc countries. The dimensional approach to infant attachment, which could ease common obstacles in cross-cultural attachment research, necessitates more empirical support. This study explores infant attachment in the Czech Republic, a post-communist country with a unique family policy, using both the categorical and the dimensional models. It also compares the Czech infant attachment distribution to infant attachment distributions in other countries and compares infant attachment distributions in European countries to the Baltimore study sample. In the Strange Situation Procedure, forty-nine (74 %) out of sixty-six mother-infant dyads (35 boys, M = 13.8, SD = 0.9) received the B classification. Despite the generous family policy and cultural emphasis on close mother-infant relationships, the Czech distribution of insecure categories did not differ from the Baltimore study sample. Out of other post-communist countries, only the infant attachment distribution in former East Germany differed from the Czech and the Baltimore study samples due to a lower proportion of type B and a higher proportion of type A infants. There were also more type A infants in the Italian sample. Interactive behavior scales accurately predicted attachment categories in 91 % of cases. Contact-maintenance and proximity-seeking scales substantially improve the assessment of insecure resistant behavior. Our findings support the universality and normativity of attachment and the utility of the dimensional approach.
- MeSH
- chování kojenců MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matky * MeSH
- připoutání k objektu MeSH
- vztahy mezi matkou a dítětem * MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The bacterial origin of mitochondria has been a widely accepted as an event that occurred about 1.45 billion years ago and endowed cells with internal energy producing organelle. Thus, mitochondria have traditionally been viewed as subcellular organelle as any other - fully functionally dependent on the cell it is a part of. However, recent studies have given us evidence that mitochondria are more functionally independent than other organelles, as they can function outside the cells, engage in complex "social" interactions, and communicate with each other as well as other cellular components, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, mitochondria move, assemble and organize upon sensing different environmental cues, using a process akin to bacterial quorum sensing. Therefore, taking all these lines of evidence into account we hypothesize that mitochondria need to be viewed and studied from a perspective of a more functionally independent entity. This view of mitochondria may lead to new insights into their biological function, and inform new strategies for treatment of disease associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
- MeSH
- bakteriální geny * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie * MeSH
- quorum sensing MeSH
- virion MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Polyploidy is widely recognized as a major mechanism of sympatric speciation in plants, yet little is known about its effects on interactions with other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the most common plant symbionts and play an important role in plant nutrient supply. It remains to be understood whether mycorrhizal associations of ploidy-variable plants can be ploidy-specific. We examined mycorrhizal associations in three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of the Gymnadenia conopsea group (Orchidaceae), involving G. conopsea s.s. and G. densiflora, at different spatial scales and during different ontogenetic stages. We analysed: adults from mixed- and single-ploidy populations at a regional scale; closely spaced adults within a mixed-ploidy site; and mycorrhizal seedlings. All Gymnadenia cytotypes associated mainly with saprotrophic Tulasnellaceae (Basidiomycota). Nonetheless, both adults and seedlings of diploids and their autotetraploid derivatives significantly differed in the identity of their mycorrhizal symbionts. Interploidy segregation of mycorrhizal symbionts was most pronounced within a site with closely spaced adults. This study provides the first evidence that polyploidization of a plant species can be associated with a shift in mycorrhizal symbionts. This divergence may contribute to niche partitioning and facilitate establishment and co-existence of different cytotypes.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- mykorhiza fyziologie MeSH
- Orchidaceae růst a vývoj mikrobiologie MeSH
- ploidie * MeSH
- semenáček mikrobiologie MeSH
- symbióza fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Attachment theorists believe that children rely on their caregivers for protection and exploration. Due to this emphasis on independent exploration, however, the extent to which this notion of secure-base behavior is valid in societies emphasizing belongingness, such as Japan, has been questioned. By conducting an in-depth exploration of two Japanese collectivistic concepts, amae and ie, the present paper reexamines the relevance of secure-base behavior in Japan. Current discussions of amae have relied on psychoanalytic concepts that were developed in Western culture, and thus may not accurately represent Japanese parent-child relations. By examining another traditional concept of the family system, ie, this paper proposes that attachment theory is relevant in Japanese culture because children's individual competence is important to their families.
- MeSH
- chování dětí etnologie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- připoutání k objektu * MeSH
- rodina etnologie MeSH
- vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi etnologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Japonsko MeSH
