Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) stereotyped subsets #6 and #8 include cases expressing unmutated B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) (U-CLL). Subset #6 (IGHV1-69/IGKV3-20) is less aggressive compared to subset #8 (IGHV4-39/IGKV1(D)-39) which has the highest risk for Richter's transformation among all CLL. The underlying reasons for this divergent clinical behavior are not fully elucidated. To gain insight into this issue, here we focused on epigenomic signatures and their links with gene expression, particularly investigating genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in subsets #6 and #8 as well as other U-CLL cases not expressing stereotyped BcR IG. We found that subset #8 showed a distinctive DNA methylation profile compared to all other U-CLL cases, including subset #6. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression revealed significant correlation for several genes, particularly highlighting a relevant role for the TP63 gene which was hypomethylated and overexpressed in subset #8. This observation was validated by quantitative PCR, which also revealed TP63 mRNA overexpression in additional nonsubset U-CLL cases. BcR stimulation had distinct effects on p63 protein expression, particularly leading to induction in subset #8, accompanied by increased CLL cell survival. This pro-survival effect was also supported by siRNA-mediated downregulation of p63 expression resulting in increased apoptosis. In conclusion, we report that DNA methylation profiles may vary even among CLL patients with similar somatic hypermutation status, supporting a compartmentalized approach to dissecting CLL biology. Furthermore, we highlight p63 as a novel prosurvival factor in CLL, thus identifying another piece of the complex puzzle of clinical aggressiveness.

• MeSH
• apoptóza genetika   MeSH
• chronická lymfatická leukemie krev   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• epigenomika metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• malá interferující RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• metylace DNA genetika   MeSH
• nádorové buňky kultivované MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• primární buněčná kultura MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika   MeSH
• receptory antigenů B-buněk metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů * MeSH
• sekvenční analýza RNA MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese metody   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum associated with Hay-Wells syndrome is a rare congenital disease caused by mutations in TP63 gene on the 3q27 chromosome. Here, we report a case of a new-born suffering from this syndrome in whom we detected a mutation c.1709T>C not previously included in the Ensemble database. CASE DESCRIPTION: A girl delivered in the 34th week of gestation from a physiological pregnancy was born with extensive burn-like skin defects, ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum, palate cleft, onychodystrophy of all limbs and syndactyly of toes. Hay-Wells syndrome was suspected and confirmed by genetic examination. A heterozygous missense change c.1709T>C was found in the TP63 gene. This variant leads to a 570th codon exchange of leucine for proline (p.Leu570Pro) on the protein level. The eyelid separation was performed surgically, burns were treated locally and cosmetic surgeries correcting other defects are planned for the near future. The girl is still monitored by a multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSIONS: The mutation was not previously described in the literature or databases and should be included into these as probably pathogenic. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to care for a patient with Hay-Wells syndrome, such care however can provide good results.

• MeSH
• abnormality očí diagnóza   genetika   chirurgie   MeSH
• ektodermální dysplazie diagnóza   genetika   chirurgie   MeSH
• genetické testování MeSH
• gestační stáří MeSH
• heterozygot MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• missense mutace genetika   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• oční víčka abnormality   chirurgie   MeSH
• oftalmologické chirurgické výkony MeSH
• rozštěp patra diagnóza   genetika   chirurgie   MeSH
• rozštěp rtu diagnóza   genetika   chirurgie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The transcription factor p63 belongs to the p53/p63/p73 family and plays key functional roles during normal epithelial development and differentiation and in pathological states such as squamous cell carcinomas. The human TP63 gene, located on chromosome 3q28 is driven by two promoters that generate the full-length transactivating (TA) and N-terminal truncated (ΔN) isoforms. Furthermore alternative splicing at the C-terminus gives rise to additional α, β, γ and likely several other minor variants. Teasing out the expression and biological function of each p63 variant has been both the focus of, and a cause for contention in the p63 field. RESULTS: Here we have taken advantage of a burgeoning RNA-Seq based genomic data-sets to examine the global expression profiles of p63 isoforms across commonly utilized human cell-lines and major tissues and organs. Consistent with earlier studies, we find ΔNp63 transcripts, primarily that of the ΔNp63α isoforms, to be expressed in most cells of epithelial origin such as those of skin and oral tissues, mammary glands and squamous cell carcinomas. In contrast, TAp63 is not expressed in the majority of normal cell-types and tissues; rather it is selectively expressed at moderate to high levels in a subset of Burkitt's and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. We verify this differential expression pattern of p63 isoforms by Western blot analysis, using newly developed ΔN and TA specific antibodies. Furthermore using unsupervised clustering of human cell lines, tissues and organs, we show that ΔNp63 and TAp63 driven transcriptional networks involve very distinct sets of molecular players, which may underlie their different biological functions. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we report comprehensive and global expression profiles of p63 isoforms and their relationship to p53/p73 and other potential transcriptional co-regulators. We curate publicly available data generated in part by consortiums such as ENCODE, FANTOM and Human Protein Atlas to delineate the vastly different transcriptomic landscapes of ΔNp63 and TAp63. Our studies help not only in dispelling prevailing myths and controversies on p63 expression in commonly used human cell lines but also augur new isoform- and cell type-specific activities of p63.

• MeSH
• Burkittův lymfom genetika   MeSH
• difúzní velkobuněčný B-lymfom genetika   MeSH
• genové regulační sítě genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• protein - isoformy genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů genetika   MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom genetika   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

The TP63 gene encodes two major protein variants that differ in their N-terminal sequences and have opposing effects. In breast, ΔNp63 is expressed by immature stem/progenitor cells and mature myoepithelial/basal cells and is a characteristic feature of basal-like triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). The expression and potential role of TAp63 in the mammary gland and breast cancers is less clear, partly due to the lack of studies that employ p63 isoform-specific antibodies. We used immunohistochemistry with ΔNp63-specific or TAp63-specific monoclonal antibodies to investigate p63 isoforms in 236 TNBCs. TAp63, but not ΔNp63, was seen in tumour-associated lymphocytes and other stromal cells. Tumour cells showed nuclear staining for ΔNp63 in 17% of TNBCs compared to 7.3% that were positive for TAp63. Whilst most TAp63+ tumours also contained ΔNp63+ cells, the levels of the two isoforms were independent of each other. ΔNp63 associated with metaplastic and medullary cancers, and with a basal phenotype, whereas TAp63 associated with androgen receptor, BRCA1/2 wild-type status and PTEN positivity. Despite the proposed effects of p63 on proliferation, Ki67 did not correlate with either p63 isoform, nor did they associate with p53 mutation status. ΔNp63 showed no association with patient outcomes, whereas TAp63+ patients showed fewer recurrences and improved overall survival. These findings indicate that both major p63 protein isoforms are expressed in TNBCs with different tumour characteristics, indicating distinct functional activities of p63 variants in breast cancer. Analysis of individual p63 isoforms provides additional information into TNBC biology, with TAp63 expression indicating improved prognosis.

• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fosfohydroláza PTEN genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru genetika   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• protein - isoformy genetika   MeSH
• protein BRCA1 genetika   MeSH
• protein BRCA2 genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů genetika   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• triple-negativní karcinom prsu genetika   metabolismus   mortalita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: ΔNp63 overexpression is a common event in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that contributes to tumorigenesis, making ΔNp63 a potential target for therapy. METHODS: We created inducible TP63-shRNA cells to study the effects of p63-depletion in SCC cell lines and non-malignant HaCaT keratinocytes. DNA damaging agents, growth factors, signaling pathway inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and metabolism-modifying drugs were also investigated for their ability to influence ΔNp63 protein and mRNA levels. RESULTS: HaCaT keratinocytes, FaDu and SCC-25 cells express high levels of ΔNp63. HaCaT and FaDu inducible TP63-shRNA cells showed reduced proliferation after p63 depletion, with greater effects on FaDu than HaCaT cells, compatible with oncogene addiction in SCC. Genotoxic insults and histone deacetylase inhibitors variably reduced ΔNp63 levels in keratinocytes and SCC cells. Growth factors that regulate proliferation/survival of squamous cells (IGF-1, EGF, amphiregulin, KGF, and HGF) and PI3K, mTOR, MAPK/ERK or EGFR inhibitors showed lesser and inconsistent effects, with dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR or EGFR inhibition selectively reducing ΔNp63 levels in HaCaT cells. In contrast, the antihyperlipidemic drug lovastatin selectively increased ΔNp63 in HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that ΔNp63-positive SCC cells require p63 for continued growth and provide proof of concept that p63 reduction is a therapeutic option for these tumors. Investigations of ΔNp63 regulation identified agent-specific and cell-specific pathways. In particular, dual inhibition of the PI3K and mTOR pathways reduced ΔNp63 more effectively than single pathway inhibition, and broad-spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitors showed a time-dependent biphasic response, with high level downregulation at the transcriptional level within 24 h. In addition to furthering our understanding of ΔNp63 regulation in squamous cells, these data identify novel drug combinations that may be useful for p63-based therapy of SCC.

• MeSH
• inhibitory histondeacetylas MeSH
• karcinogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 * genetika   MeSH
• rodina MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom * farmakoterapie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Protein p63 je transkripční faktor, který má významnou funkci ve vývoji a diferenciaci epidermálních struktur a v průběhu tumorigeneze. Je členem rodiny nádorového supresoru p53 a vyskytuje se minimálně v počtu šesti izoforem, které mají během vývoje epidermis a při vzniku a progresi nádorů opačné funkce. Protein p63 ovlivňuje proliferaci a diferenciaci epidermálních buněk v průběhu ontogeneze: vrozené mutace v genu TP63 vedou k různým vývojovým deformacím a odstranění tohoto genu u myší má za následek ztrátu epidermis. Protein p63 také ovlivňuje buněčnou adhezi prostřednictvím regulace desmozomů. Ztráta kontroly proliferace buněk a mezibuněčné adheze je přitom důležitou událostí při vývoji nádorů a vysoká hladina p63 podporuje růst nádorů a brání apoptóze nádorových buněk. Tento přehledový článek stručně shrnuje úlohy proteinu p63 ve vývoji epitelů, buněčné proliferaci, adhezi a migraci a poodhaluje jeho význam při vzniku nádorových onemocnění a tvorbě metastáz.

p63 is a transcription factor which plays an important role in epidermal development, diffe­rentiation and tumourigenesis. p63 belongs to the p53 protein family and at least six isoforms were identified to date. p63 isoforms play contrary roles during the development and formation of the epidermis as well as in cancer. p63 participates in epithelial development, where it affects proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells. Inherited mutations in the TP63 gene generate different developmental defects and p63 knockout in mice results in the absence of epidermis. Another important role of p63 is the control of cell-cell adhesion, where it regulates desmosomes. The loss of proliferation and cell-cell adhesion control are important for tumourigenesis and overexpression of p63 can enhance tumour growth and inhibit apoptosis. This review briefly summarises the roles of p63 in epithelial development, cellular proliferation, adhesion and migration and reveals its share in tumourigenesis and metastasis.

• Klíčová slova
• epidermální vývoj, vývoj nádorového onemocnění, buněčná proliferace,
• MeSH
• buněčná adheze MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• epidermální buňky MeSH
• epidermis * patofyziologie   MeSH
• keratinocyty cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorová transformace buněk MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny * fyziologie   MeSH
• nádory patofyziologie   MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• proteiny regulující apoptózu MeSH
• transkripční faktory * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The TP63 gene gives rise to protein isoforms with different properties and functions due to the presence (TAp63) or absence (ΔNp63) of an N-terminal p53-like transactivation domain. Immunohistochemistry for p63 has clinical value for certain tumour types, but investigations have been hampered by a lack of well characterized antibodies and the inability to discriminate between these N-terminal isoforms with opposite functional properties. We have extensively characterized a series of monoclonal antibodies to recombinant human TAp63 and two commercial p63 monoclonals by Western blot, immunostaining and phage display epitope mapping. Twenty-eight of 29 (96.6 %) novel monoclonals that recognized all p63 isoforms showed substantial cross-reactivity with p73, as did the commercial antibody, 4A4. One novel clone, PANp63-6.1, showed slight cross-reaction with p73 by Western blotting but not immunohistochemistry and the SFI-6 monoclonal did not cross-react with p73 or p53. Phage display revealed that the PANp63-6.1 epitope has one amino acid difference between p63 and p73, the 4A4 epitope is identical in both, whereas the SFI-6 epitope is unique to p63, accounting for these findings. We also produced and characterized a TAp63-specific clone that does not recognize p53 or p73, and we prepared polyclonal sera specific for ΔNp63 isoforms. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that TAp63 is expressed in a variety of epithelial and other cell types during development, often in a converse pattern to ΔNp63, but has a very limited expression in normal adult tissues and is independent of ΔNp63. TAp63 was expressed in 17.6 % of squamous cancers of cervix that expressed p63, unlike normal cervix where TAp63 was not expressed. TAp63 did not associate with proliferative index, but cervical carcinomas with TAp63 expression showed improved survival. These data highlight the need for rigorous antibody characterization and indicate that p63-isoform identification may improve the clinical value of p63 expression analyses.

• MeSH
• adenokarcinom diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny imunologie   MeSH
• imunohistochemie metody   normy   MeSH
• jaderné proteiny imunologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky diagnostické užití   imunologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny imunologie   MeSH
• nádorový supresorový protein p53 imunologie   MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• nádory plic diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• nemalobuněčný karcinom plic diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• protein - isoformy MeSH
• specificita protilátek imunologie   MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• zkřížené reakce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

p63 and p73, the two other members of the p53 family, were identified almost 15 years ago. Here, we review their potential use for diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of response to therapy in various cancers. The two genes show distinct expression patterns in both normal and cancer tissues and each gene gives rise to multiple protein isoforms with different activities, including those with tumour-suppressor or oncogenic effects. Despite such complexity, some common themes emerge; p63 is commonly overexpressed as the ΔNp63 isoform and sometimes associated with TP63 amplification, whereas p73 is often reduced (by methylation or gene loss), or there is an increase in the ratio of ΔNp73 to TAp73. These generalisations do not apply universally; TAp63 is overexpressed in haematological malignancies, TP63 mis-sense mutations have been reported in squamous cancers and TP63 translocations occur in lymphomas and some lung adenocarcinomas. There are associations with disease prognosis and response to specific therapies in individual cancer types for both p63 and p73, making their analysis of clinical relevance. We also discuss their utility for aiding in differential diagnosis, which has been demonstrated for p63, but not yet for p73. Throughout, we highlight the discrepant nature of many studies due to the variable methodologies employed, the lack of systematic evaluation of isoforms and the problems of poor antibody characterization and cross-reactions within the p63/p73 family. Finally, we emphasize the value of recently developed isoform-specific reagents that have clear advantages for the study of p63 and p73 experimentally and clinically.

• MeSH
• bodová mutace MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• jaderné proteiny genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• karcinogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely genetické MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• nádory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• onkogeny MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů * MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• tumor supresorové geny MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The transcription factor p63 has important functions in tumorigenesis, epidermal differentiation and stem cell self-renewal. The TP63 gene encodes multiple protein isoforms that have different or even antagonistic roles in these processes. The balance of p63 isoforms, together with the presence or absence of the other p53 family members, p73 and p53, has a striking biological impact. There is increasing evidence that interactions between p53-family members, whether cooperative or antagonistic, are involved in various cell processes. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of p63 in tumorigenesis, metastasis, cell migration and senescence. In particular, recent data indicate important roles in adult stem cell and cancer stem cell regulation and in the response of cancer cells to therapy.

• MeSH
• kmenové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové kmenové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové supresorové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• nádory metabolismus   MeSH
• protein - isoformy genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

TGFβ has roles in inflammation, wound healing, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell states, and acts as a tumor suppressor gene for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCCs are also characterized by high levels of ΔNp63, which induces epithelial cell phenotypes and maintains squamous stem cells. Previous studies indicate a complex interplay between ΔNp63 and TGFβ signaling, with contradictory effects reported. We investigated the effects of TGFβ on p63 isoform proteins and mRNAs in non-malignant squamous and SCC cells, and the role of either canonical or non-canonical TGFβ signaling pathways. TGFβ selectively increased ΔNp63 protein levels in non-malignant keratinocytes in association with SMAD3 activation and was prevented by TGFβ receptor inhibition, indicating activation of canonical TGFβ pathway signaling. TP63 isoform mRNAs showed discordance from protein levels, with an initial increase in both TAP63 and ΔNP63 mRNAs followed by a decrease at later times. These data demonstrate complex and heterogeneous effects of TGFβ in squamous cells that depend on the extent of canonical TGFβ pathway aberrations. The interplay between TGFβ and p63 is likely to influence the magnitude of EMT states in SCC, with clinical implications for tumor progression and response to therapy.

• MeSH
• epitelo-mezenchymální tranzice * genetika   MeSH
• epitelové buňky metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• protein - isoformy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transformující růstový faktor beta MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH