biomass utilization
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Teprve relativně krátkou dobu si lidstvo připouští odpovědnost za stav svého životního prostředí. Naše energeticky náročná společnost začíná pochybovat o ospravedlnitelnosti využití fosilních paliv, jaderná energie je však neprávem démonizována a vývin ekonomicky rentabilních fotovoltaických článků stále není u konce. Dokud věda nenabídne dostatečně ekologicky čistý a ekonomicky výhodný zdroj energie a nezajistí její trvalý přísun, je nezbytné, aby společnost nepohlížela na energetické využití biomasy jen jako na rozsáhlou devastaci přírody. Tento článek má za cíl stručně nastínit možnosti biomasy jako podpůrného energetického zdroje.
It has been relatively short time since mankind conceded responsibility for its living environment. Our energy-intensive society begins to question the justifiability of the fossil fuels utilization, however, the nuclear energy is being unjustly demonized and development of economically profitable fotovoltaic cells has not yet reached its goals. Unless science offers sufficiently ecologically friendly and economically advantageous energy source which would ensure energy pipe-line, it is neccesary for human society to cease thinking of biomass energy usage as of extensive nature devastation. This article aims to briefly outline the potential of biomass in the role of subsidiary energy source.
In this work hydrothermally pretreated wheat straw was used for production of bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and carotene-enriched biomass by red yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cystofilobasidium capitatum and Sporobolomyces roseus. To evaluate the convertibility of pretreated wheat straw into ethanol, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of S. cerevisiae was performed under semi-anaerobic conditions. The highest ethanol production efficiency of 65-66% was obtained following pretreatment at 200°C without the catalytic action of acetic acid, and at 195 and 200°C respectively in the presence of catalyst. Red yeast strain S. roseus produced 1.73-2.22 mg g(-1) of ergosterol on the filter cake, 1.15-4.17 mg g(-1) of ergosterol and 1.23-1.56 mg g(-1) of β-carotene on pretreated wheat straw hydrolysates and also the highest amount of carotenoids and ergosterol on untreated wheat straw (1.70 and 4.17 mg g(-1), respectively).
- MeSH
- biomasa * MeSH
- biopaliva mikrobiologie MeSH
- bioreaktory mikrobiologie MeSH
- biotechnologie metody MeSH
- ergosterol biosyntéza MeSH
- ethanol metabolismus MeSH
- glukosa metabolismus MeSH
- hydrolýza účinky léků MeSH
- karotenoidy metabolismus MeSH
- kvasinky účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- odpadní produkty analýza MeSH
- pšenice účinky léků MeSH
- sacharidy chemie MeSH
- teplota * MeSH
- voda farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The aim of this work was to develop a soap-based method for the isolation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from bacterial biomass. The method consisted of adding soap derived from waste cooking oil to a concentrated (25%) biomass suspension, heating and centrifugal separation. Purity above 95% could be achieved with soap:cell dry mass ratios at least 0.125 g/g, making the method comparable to other surfactant-based protocols. Molecular weights Mw of products from all experiments were between 350 and 450 kDa, being high enough for future material applications. Addition of hydrochloric acid to the wastewater led to the precipitation of soap and part of non-P3HB cell mass. The resulting precipitate was utilized as a carbon source in biomass production and increased substrate-to-P3HB conversion.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- bioreaktory * MeSH
- hydroxybutyráty MeSH
- kyselina 3-hydroxymáselná MeSH
- mýdla * MeSH
- polyestery MeSH
- vaření MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Forest soils represent important terrestrial carbon (C) pools where C is primarily fixed in the plant-derived biomass but it flows further through the biomass of fungi and bacteria before it is lost from the ecosystem as CO2 or immobilized in recalcitrant organic matter. Microorganisms are the main drivers of C flow in forests and play critical roles in the C balance through the decomposition of dead biomass of different origins. Here, we track the path of C that enters forest soil by following respiration, microbial biomass production, and C accumulation by individual microbial taxa in soil microcosms upon the addition of 13C-labeled biomass of plant, fungal, and bacterial origin. We demonstrate that both fungi and bacteria are involved in the assimilation and mineralization of C from the major complex sources existing in soil. Decomposer fungi are, however, better suited to utilize plant biomass compounds, whereas the ability to utilize fungal and bacterial biomass is more frequent among bacteria. Due to the ability of microorganisms to recycle microbial biomass, we suggest that the decomposer food web in forest soil displays a network structure with loops between and within individual pools. These results question the present paradigms describing food webs as hierarchical structures with unidirectional flow of C and assumptions about the dominance of fungi in the decomposition of complex organic matter.
- MeSH
- Bacteria klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- houby klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs contain photosynthetic reaction centers composed of bacteriochlorophyll. These organisms are photoheterotrophs, as they require organic carbon substrates for their growth whereas light-derived energy has only an auxiliary function. To establish the contribution of light energy to their metabolism, we grew the phototrophic strain Erythrobacter sp. NAP1 in a carbon-limited chemostat regimen on defined carbon sources (glutamate, pyruvate, acetate, and glucose) under conditions of different light intensities. When grown in a light-dark cycle, these bacteria accumulated 25% to 110% more biomass in terms of carbon than cultures grown in the dark. Cultures grown on glutamate accumulated the most biomass at moderate light intensities of 50 to 150 μmol m(-2) s(-1) but were inhibited at higher light intensities. In the case of pyruvate, we did not find any inhibition of growth by high irradiance. The extent of anaplerotic carbon fixation was detemined by radioactive bicarbonate incorporation assays. While the carboxylation activity provided 4% to 11% of the cellular carbon in the pyruvate-grown culture, in the glutamate-grown cells it provided only approximately 1% of the carbon. Additionally, we tested the effect of light on respiration and photosynthetic electron flow. With increasing light intensity, respiration decreased to approximately 25% of its dark value and was replaced by photophosphorylation. The additional energy from light allows the aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs to accumulate the supplied organic carbon which would otherwise be respired. The higher efficiency of organic carbon utilization may provide an important competitive advantage during growth under carbon-limited conditions.
- MeSH
- aerobióza MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- fototrofní procesy * MeSH
- hydrogenuhličitany metabolismus MeSH
- izotopové značení MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku metabolismus MeSH
- koloběh uhlíku MeSH
- kultivační média chemie MeSH
- pyruváty metabolismus MeSH
- Sphingomonadaceae metabolismus účinky záření MeSH
- světlo * MeSH
- tma MeSH
- transport elektronů MeSH
- uhlík metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The combustion of biomass in boilers of emission classes 2 and 3 produces deposits in the form of char and soot inside the combustion chamber. Char and soot differ in content of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) as well as in the content of organic compounds. Deposits from boilers of emission class 2 contain higher amounts of OC and EC than those from boilers of emission class 3. The only exception is deposits formed by the combustion of briquettes from hardwood in boilers of emission class 3 that contained approximately by up to 60 percent higher amount of OC and by approx. 100% more EC than deposits from combustion in boilers of emission class 2. Deposits identified as char are characterized by dominant organic compounds derived from thermic degradation of cellulose, lignin, phytosterols, terpenes, their alteration products, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Deposits identified as soot have dominant PAHs, compounds containing oxygen (furans, benzofurans, phenols) and compounds containing aliphatic nitrogen (benzonitrile). Char from boilers of emission class 2 contains approx. by 80% more alkanes and cycloalkanes, by 80% more nitriles, by 50% more carboxyl acids, by 230% more anhydrosaccharides, phytosterols and by 180% more PAHs. These differences can be utilized for identification of burned fuel.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- dusík MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * MeSH
- saze MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The impact of plant growth regulators (PGRs) "Stimpo" and "Regoplant" on Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg) biomass parameters was investigated when the plant was grown in military soils with different properties from Dolyna, Ukraine and Hradcany, Czech Republic. The results showed that PGRs positively influenced the biomass parameters when the plant was grown in soil in Dolyna with good agricultural characteristics, the influence of "Regoplant" was higher and the best results were obtained with combined treatment: application to rhizomes before planting and spraying on the biomass during vegetation. Using of PGRs did not improve the biomass parameters when the plant was grown in poor soil in Hradcany. In parallel the peculiarities of the metals uptake process were studied for the following metals: chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr) and lead (Pb). The uptake behavior of the monitored elements differed based on the soil quality. According to the bioconcentration factor uptake of the abiogenic elements, Cr and Pb, was dominant in the plant roots in both soils, whereas Ni was not detected in any plant tissues. The behavior of biogenic elements (Mn, Cu, Zn) and their analogs (Sr) was different. Those elements were more intensively taken up in shoot tissues in low-nutrient sandy Hradcany soils, while they were mainly taken up in plant roots in fertile Dolyna soils. The unusual behavior of biogenic elements in the low-nutrient soils may be explained by the effect of stress. However, more research is needed focused mainly on soil properties and nutrient availability in order to confirm or disprove this hypothesis and to explore the cause of the stress. The summarized results here show that soil properties influenced Mxg biomass parameters, affected the uptake behavior of metals significantly and tested PGRs cannot be utilized universally in the production of Mxg in the poor military soils.
- MeSH
- bioakumulace MeSH
- biomasa * MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- lipnicovité růst a vývoj metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- ozbrojené síly MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Ukrajina MeSH
Sulfate in effluent is a challenging issue for wastewater reuse around the world. In this study, sulfur (S) removal and transformation in five batch constructed wetlands (CWs) treating secondary effluent were investigated. The results showed that the presence of the plant cattail (Typha latifolia) had little effect on sulfate removal, while the carbon-rich litter it generated greatly improved sulfate removal, but with limited sulfide accumulation in the pore-water. After sulfate removal, most of the S was deposited with the valence states S (-II) and S (0) on the iron-rich gravel surface, and acid volatile sulfide was the main S sink in the litter-added CWs. High-throughput pyrosequencing revealed that sulfate-reducing bacteria (i.e. Desulfobacter) and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (i.e. Thiobacillus) were dominant in the litter-added CWs, which led to a sustainable S cycle between sulfate and sulfide. Overall, this study suggests that recycling plant litter and iron-rich filling material in CWs gives an opportunity to utilize the S in the wastewater as both an electron acceptor for sulfate reduction and as an electron donor for nitrate reduction coupled with sulfide oxidation. This leads to the simultaneous removal of sulfate, nitrate, and organics without discharging toxic sulfide into the receiving water body.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- mokřady * MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování MeSH
- orobincovité MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- síra * MeSH
- sírany MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Organic matter decomposition in the globally widespread coniferous forests has an important role in the carbon cycle, and cellulose decomposition is especially important in this respect because cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide in plant litter. Cellulose decomposition was 10 times faster in the fungi-dominated litter of Picea abies forest than in the bacteria-dominated soil. In the soil, the added (13)C-labelled cellulose was the main source of microbial respiration and was preferentially accumulated in the fungal biomass and cellulose induced fungal proliferation. In contrast, in the litter, bacterial biomass showed higher labelling after (13)C-cellulose addition and bacterial biomass increased. While 80% of the total community was represented by 104-106 bacterial and 33-59 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 80% of the cellulolytic communities of bacteria and fungi were only composed of 8-18 highly abundant OTUs. Both the total and (13)C-labelled communities differed substantially between the litter and soil. Cellulolytic bacteria in the acidic topsoil included Betaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria, whereas these typically found in neutral soils were absent. Most fungal cellulose decomposers belonged to Ascomycota; cellulolytic Basidiomycota were mainly represented by the yeasts Trichosporon and Cryptococcus. Several bacteria and fungi demonstrated here to derive their carbon from cellulose were previously not recognized as cellulolytic.
- MeSH
- Bacteria genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- celulosa metabolismus MeSH
- DNA bakterií izolace a purifikace MeSH
- DNA fungální izolace a purifikace MeSH
- geny hub MeSH
- houby genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- izotopy uhlíku analýza MeSH
- polymorfismus délky restrikčních fragmentů MeSH
- půda MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- smrk mikrobiologie MeSH
- stromy mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
