Among the bacteria groups, most of them are known to be beneficial to human being whereas only a minority is being recognized as harmful. The pathogenicity of bacteria is due, in part, to their rapid adaptation in the presence of selective pressures exerted by the human host. In addition, through their genomes, bacteria are subject to mutations, various rearrangements or horizontal gene transfer among and/or within bacterial species. Bacteria's essential metabolic functions are generally encoding by the core genes. Apart of the core genes, there are several number of mobile genetic elements (MGE) acquired by horizontal gene transfer that might be beneficial under certain environmental conditions. These MGE namely bacteriophages, transposons, plasmids, and pathogenicity islands represent about 15% Staphylococcus aureus genomes. The acquisition of most of the MGE is made by horizontal genomic islands (GEI), recognized as discrete DNA segments between closely related strains, transfer. The GEI contributes to the wide spread of microorganisms with an important effect on their genome plasticity and evolution. The GEI are also involve in the antibiotics resistance and virulence genes dissemination. In this review, we summarize the mobile genetic elements of S. aureus.

• MeSH
• bakteriální chromozomy genetika   MeSH
• bakteriofágy genetika   MeSH
• genomové ostrovy genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přenos genů horizontální genetika   MeSH
• rozptýlené repetitivní sekvence genetika   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus genetika   MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Retrotransposons with long terminal repeats (LTR) form a significant proportion of eukaryotic genomes, especially in plants. They have gag and pol genes and several regulatory regions necessary for transcription and reverse transcription. We searched for potential quadruplex-forming sequences (PQSs) and potential triplex-forming sequences (PTSs) in 18 377 full-length LTR retrotransposons collected from 21 plant species. We found that PQSs were often located in LTRs, both upstream and downstream of promoters from which the whole retrotransposon is transcribed. Upstream-located guanine PQSs were dominant in the minus DNA strand, whereas downstream-located guanine PQSs prevailed in the plus strand, indicating their role both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Our circular dichroism spectroscopy measurements confirmed that these PQSs readily adopted guanine quadruplex structures-some of them were paralell-stranded, while others were anti-parallel-stranded. The PQS often formed doublets at a mutual distance of up to 400 bp. PTSs were most abundant in 3'UTR (but were also present in 5'UTR). We discuss the potential role of quadruplexes and triplexes as the regulators of various processes participating in LTR retrotransposon life cycle and as potential recombination sites during post-insertional retrotransposon-based genome rearrangements.

• MeSH
• DNA rostlinná chemie   MeSH
• G-kvadruplexy * MeSH
• genom rostlinný MeSH
• koncové repetice * MeSH
• retroelementy * MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Despite a multifactorial approach being taken for the evaluation of bull semen quality in many animal breeding centres worldwide, reliable prediction of bull fertility is still a challenge. Recently, attention has turned to molecular mechanisms, which could uncover potential biomarkers of fertility. One of these mechanisms is DNA methylation, which together with other epigenetic mechanisms is essential for the fertilising sperm to drive normal embryo development and establish a viable pregnancy. In this study, we hypothesised that bull sperm DNA methylation patterns are related to bull fertility. We therefore investigated DNA methylation patterns from bulls used in artificial insemination with contrasting fertility scores. RESULTS: The DNA methylation patterns were obtained by reduced representative bisulphite sequencing from 10 high-fertility bulls and 10 low-fertility bulls, having average fertility scores of - 6.6 and + 6.5%, respectively (mean of the population was zero). Hierarchical clustering analysis did not distinguish bulls based on fertility but did highlight individual differences. Despite this, using stringent criteria (DNA methylation difference ≥ 35% and a q-value < 0.001), we identified 661 differently methylated cytosines (DMCs). DMCs were preferentially located in intergenic regions, introns, gene downstream regions, repetitive elements, open sea, shores and shelves of CpG islands. We also identified 10 differently methylated regions, covered by 7 unique genes (SFRP1, STXBP4, BCR, PSMG4, ARSG, ATP11A, RXRA), which are involved in spermatogenesis and early embryonic development. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that at specific CpG sites, sperm DNA methylation status is related to bull fertility, and identified seven differently methylated genes in sperm of subfertile bulls that may lead to altered gene expression and potentially influence embryo development.

• MeSH
• analýza spermatu * MeSH
• embryonální vývoj genetika   MeSH
• fertilita genetika   MeSH
• metylace DNA * MeSH
• skot MeSH
• spermie metabolismus   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The spatially varying mechanical properties in finite element models of bone are most often derived from bone density data obtained via quantitative computed tomography. The key step is to accurately and efficiently map the density given in voxels to the finite element mesh. METHODS: The density projection is first formulated in least-squares terms and then discretized using a continuous and discontinuous variant of the finite element method. Both discretization variants are compared with the nodal and element approaches known from the literature. FINDINGS: In terms of accuracy in the L2 norm, energy distance and efficiency, the discontinuous zero-order variant appears to be the most advantageous. The proposed variant sufficiently preserves the spectrum of density at the edges, while keeping computational cost low. INTERPRETATION: The continuous finite element method is analogous to the nodal formulation in the literature, while the discontinuous finite element method is analogous to the element formulation. The two variants differ in terms of implementation, computational cost and ability to preserve the density spectrum. These differences cannot be described and measured by known indirect methods from the literature.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• kosti a kostní tkáň * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• kostní denzita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• lékařská informatika MeSH
• Publikační typ
• učebnice MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• lékařská informatika

The hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) gene is epigenetically inactivated in cancer, and in addition, the haploinsufficiency of HIC1 is linked to the development of human Miller-Dieker syndrome. HIC1 encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that acts as a transcriptional repressor. Additionally, the HIC1 protein oligomerizes via the N-terminal BTB/POZ domain and forms discrete nuclear structures known as HIC1 bodies. Here, we provide evidence that HIC1 antagonizes the TCF/beta-catenin-mediated transcription in Wnt-stimulated cells. This appears to be due to the ability of HIC1 to associate with TCF-4 and to recruit TCF-4 and beta-catenin to the HIC1 bodies. As a result of the recruitment, both proteins are prevented from association with the TCF-binding elements of the Wnt-responsive genes. These data indicate that the intracellular amounts of HIC1 protein can modulate the level of the transcriptional stimulation of the genes regulated by canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling.

• MeSH
• beta-katenin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčné jádro metabolismus   MeSH
• cytoskeletální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA vazebné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• kultivační média speciální MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• proteiny Wnt genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• RNA interference MeSH
• signální transdukce fyziologie   MeSH
• transkripční faktory Krüppel-like MeSH
• transkripční faktory TCF genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• vazba proteinů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• systém R, R software,
• MeSH
• automatizované zpracování dat MeSH
• software MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Kombinatorika. Teorie grafů. Matematická statistika. Operační výzkum. Matematické modelování
• NLK Obory
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika

• MeSH
• DNA MeSH
• genetika MeSH
• geny MeSH
• molekulární biologie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NLK Obory
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• biologie

The aim of this article is 3D analysis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) patient, who underwent surgery, during which the right TMJ was resected along with the ramus of mandible and consequently the joint was reconstructed with subtotal replacement. The main goal is to give a suitable formulation of mathematical model, which describes the changes of stresses in TMJ incurred after the surgery. The TMJ is a complex, sensitive and highly mobile joint which works bilaterally so each side influences the contralateral joint and because of this the distribution of the stresses is changed in the healthy joint as well. Detailed knowledge about function these are necessary for clinical application of temporomandibular joint prosthesis and also help us estimate the lifetime of the prosthesis a possibilities of alteration in the contra lateral joint components. The geometry for the 3D models is taken from the CT scan date and its numerical solution is based on the theory of semi-coercive unilateral contact problems in linear elasticity. This article provides medical part with case report, discretion of treatment, than the methods of mathematical modeling and his possibilities are described and finally results are reported.

• MeSH
• analýza metodou konečných prvků MeSH
• anatomické modely MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• cysty čelistí patologie   radiografie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mandibula - protézy MeSH
• nemoci temporomandibulárního kloubu patologie   radiografie   chirurgie   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• temporomandibulární kloub fyziologie   patofyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• genom MeSH
• geny MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• biologie