Prenatal exposure to sex hormones exerts organizational effects on the brain which have observable behavioural correlates in adult life. There are reasons to expect that social behaviours-fundamental for the evolutionary success of humans-might be related to biological factors such as prenatal sex hormone exposure. Nevertheless, the existing literature is inconclusive as to whether and how prenatal exposure to testosterone and oestrogen, proxied by the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D), may predict non-selfish behaviour. Here, we investigate this question using economic experiments with real monetary stakes and analyse five different dimensions of social behaviour in a comparatively large sample of Caucasian participants (n = 560). For both males and females, our results show no robust association between right- or left-hand 2D : 4D and generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours. Moreover, no differences in behaviour were found according to sex. We conclude that there is no direct correlation between 2D : 4D and these social behaviours.

• MeSH
• charakteristické znaky pohlaví MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní steroidní hormony MeSH
• prsty ruky * MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• testosteron * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Researchers have shown interest in the relation between (a) social capital and individual income and (b) the individual health of people of industrial nations. The socioeconomic complexity of industrial nations makes it difficult to arrive at firm conclusions. We circumvent the obstacle by using data from a small-scale rural society of foragers-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon (Tsimane'). We examine the interactions between the outcome (BMI) and relative income, relative social capital, village income, and village social capital. We test three hypotheses: people in villages with more social capital should have higher BMI, the positive association between social capital and BMI will be more marked among the less well-off, and better-off people who display generosity will have higher BMI than better-off people who do not. On the methodological side we show the importance of: focusing on relative measures of income and social capital, estimating interaction between community and relative measures of income and social capital, and showing results through contour plots that summarize the relation between BMI and pairs of explanatory variables. On the substantive side we find evidence that village social capital and village income complement each other and are associated with higher BMI, the rich who are stingy have lower BMI than the rich who display generosity, and increase in village income might reduce individual incentives to invest in social capital. We explore interactions between explanatory variables and their influence on BMI, and end by recommending the use of an experimental research design to obtain unbiased estimates of causal effects.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• Indiáni Jižní Ameriky MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• populační skupiny MeSH
• příjem MeSH
• sociální žádoucnost MeSH
• sociologie MeSH
• společenská kontrola neformální MeSH
• společenská třída MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bolívie MeSH

Dyadic interactions often involve a dynamic process of mutual reciprocity; to steer a series of exchanges towards a desired outcome, both interactants must adapt their own behaviour according to that of their interaction partner. Understanding the brain processes behind such bidirectional reciprocity is therefore central to social neuroscience, but this requires measurement of both individuals' brains during real-world exchanges. We achieved this by performing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on pairs of male individuals simultaneously while they interacted in a modified iterated Ultimatum Game (iUG). In this modification, both players could express their intent and maximise their own monetary gain by reciprocating their partner's behaviour - they could promote generosity through cooperation and/or discourage unfair play with retaliation. By developing a novel model of reciprocity adapted from behavioural economics, we then show that each player's choices can be predicted accurately by estimating expected utility (EU) not only in terms of immediate payoff, but also as a reaction to their opponent's prior behaviour. Finally, for the first time we reveal that brain signals implicated in social decision making are modulated by these estimates of EU, and become correlated more strongly between interacting players who reciprocate one another.

• MeSH
• behaviorální ekonomie * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
• kooperační chování MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• rozhodování * MeSH
• teorie her * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The measures and scenarios of sustainable reproduction are discussed at scientific forums. Support, interest in multiple children families, especially the mothers and their problems, can be one of the solutions, because families with multiple children represent significant potential for the sustainability of reproduction. The objective of the study was to find out, analyse and evaluate the problems of mothers of multiple children families. Methods: 140 mothers participated in the study (aged 35.84 ± 8.34 years) with 4 or more children. The questionnaire exploratory method was used. We used descriptive statistics for evaluation. Results: Mothers with more children mentioned that among the biggest problems are the undervaluation of women that take care of children (30%), the material security of children/family (24.29%), harmonisation of family and working life (15.71%) and the education of children (11.43%). Health problems as a consequence of repetitive pregnancies have occurred in 34.29% of women. Women respondents felt themselves the most unappreciated in the social-economic area (47.86%), social area (22.86%) and in the working area (17.14%). Conclusion: Generosity and fertility are characteristics of life culture. Healthy, responsible families with more children are the wealth of each nation because they represent the fundamental precondition of mankind sustainability, dignified life and the development of the society.

• MeSH
• charakteristiky rodiny * MeSH
• gravidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mateřské chování MeSH
• péče o matku MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rodinné vztahy psychologie   MeSH
• služby zdravotní péče o matku normy   organizace a řízení   MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• zdraví matek MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH

Over a half of mammalian genomes is occupied by repetitive elements whose ability to provide functional sequences, move into new locations, and recombine underlies the so-called genome plasticity. At the same time, mobile elements exemplify selfish DNA, which is expanding in the genome at the expense of the host. The selfish generosity of mobile genetic elements is in the center of research interest as it offers insights into mechanisms underlying evolution and emergence of new genes. In terms of numbers, with over 20,000 in count, protein-coding genes make an outstanding >2 % minority. This number is exceeded by an ever-growing list of genes producing long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which do not encode for proteins. LncRNAs are a dynamically evolving population of genes. While it is not yet clear what fraction of lncRNAs represents functionally important ones, their features imply that many lncRNAs emerge at random as new non-functional elements whose functionality is acquired through natural selection. Here, we explore the intersection of worlds of mobile genetic elements (particularly retrotransposons) and lncRNAs. In addition to summarizing essential features of mobile elements and lncRNAs, we focus on how retrotransposons contribute to lncRNA evolution, structure, and function in mammals.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární evoluce MeSH
• myši MeSH
• retroelementy genetika   MeSH
• RNA dlouhá nekódující genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Many studies investigated cultural differences in values, most notably by Hofstede and Schwarz. Relatively few have focused on virtues, a related and important concept in contemporary social science. The present paper examines the similarities and differences between nations, or blocks of - culturally related - nations on the perceived importance of virtues. Adults (N = 2.809 students) from 14 countries were asked to freely mention which virtues they found important to practice in daily life, and next to rate a list of 15 virtues, which reflect the most frequently mentioned categories in The Netherlands, as found in a previous study. The 14 nations included the United States, Mexico, nine European and three Asian nations. For the free-listed virtues, we compared the top-ten lists of most frequently mentioned virtues across the nations. We used a correspondence analysis on the frequency table to assess the relationships between the virtues and nations. For the 15 virtues ratings, a MANOVA, and follow-up ANOVA's were used to examine effects of nation, age, gender and religion. We found strong evidence for relationships between nations and blocks of culturally related nations and the importance attached to various virtues. There appear to be some country specific virtues, such as generosity in France, but also some relatively universal virtues, most notably honesty, respect, and kindness.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Štěstí je stavem vědomí nebo pocitem charakterizovaným spokojeností, láskou, radostí a slastí. Existují nástroje, jimiž se štěstí dá přímo měřit. Mají však svá úskalí. Tzv. Easterlinův paradox říká, že ekonomický růst mnoho ke kvalitě života nepřidává, takže průměrné štěstí národů v posledních desetiletích nevzrostlo. Jiní autoři však našli v řadě států jasnou pozitivní korelaci mezi průměrnou úrovní subjektivního pocitu štěstí a hrubým domácím produktem na hlavu. Lidské štěstí pravděpodobně závisí nejen na příjmu, jak například dokazují Spojené národy. Štěstí u téměř 400 000 lidí ve státech OECD je v pozitivní korelaci s absolutním příjmem, velkorysostí sociálního státu a jen slabě s očekávanou délkou života. Hmotná prosperita předpovídá pozitivní hodnocení života, prosperita psychosociální předpovídá kladný pocit ze života: vysoký příjem vylepšuje hodnocení života, emoční stránku štěstí nikoliv. Dokládá se, že lidé s transkripčně efektivnější podobou genu pro serotoninový transportér sdělují vyšší míru uspokojení ze života. Ve velké sociální síti se štěstí šíří dynamicky.

Happiness is state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure or joy. There exist tools for direct measurement of happiness but they present challenges. So-called Easterlin paradox holds that economic growth does not add to the quality-of –life and that average happiness in nations has not risen in the last few decades, but other author had found a clear positive link between average levels of subjective well being and GDP per capita across countries. Human happiness probably involves more than current income (e.g. as argued by UN): happiness in almost 400 000 people living in OECD is positively correlated with absolute income, generosity of the welfare state and weakly with life expectancy. Material prosperity predicts life evaluation, whereas psychosocial prosperity predicts positive feeling: high income improves evaluation of life bud not emotional well-being. There is a evidence that individuals with transcriptionally more efficient version of the serotonin transporter gene are significantly more likely to report higher levels of life satisfaction and that there exists a dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network.

• Klíčová slova
• Gallupův průzkum, sociální síť, GHWBI, Easterlinův paradox,
• MeSH
• genetika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychologie MeSH
• sběr dat MeSH
• štěstí * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH

During social interactions, decision-making involves mutual reciprocity-each individual's choices are simultaneously a consequence of, and antecedent to those of their interaction partner. Neuroeconomic research has begun to unveil the brain networks underpinning social decision-making, but we know little about the patterns of neural connectivity within them that give rise to reciprocal choices. To investigate this, the present study measured the behaviour and brain function of pairs of individuals (N = 66) whilst they played multiple rounds of economic exchange comprising an iterated ultimatum game. During these exchanges, both players could attempt to maximise their overall monetary gain by reciprocating their opponent's prior behaviour-they could promote generosity by rewarding it, and/or discourage unfair play through retaliation. By adapting a model of reciprocity from experimental economics, we show that players' choices on each exchange are captured accurately by estimating their expected utility (EU) as a reciprocal reaction to their opponent's prior behaviour. We then demonstrate neural responses that map onto these reciprocal choices in two brain regions implicated in social decision-making: right anterior insula (AI) and anterior/anterior-mid cingulate cortex (aMCC). Finally, with behavioural Dynamic Causal Modelling, we identified player-specific patterns of effective connectivity between these brain regions with which we estimated each player's choices with over 70% accuracy; namely, bidirectional connections between AI and aMCC that are modulated differentially by estimates of EU from our reciprocity model. This input-state-output modelling procedure therefore reveals systematic brain-behaviour relationships associated with the reciprocal choices characterising interactive social decision-making.

• MeSH
• cingulární gyrus diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exekutivní funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• interpersonální vztahy * MeSH
• konektom * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• rozhodování fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sociální percepce * MeSH
• výběrové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Jádro učebnice tvoří speciálně zhuštěné texty z medicíny a příbuzných přírodovědních a společenskovědních oborů. Každá ze 40 lekcí obsahuje pracovní text, slovník použitých odborných termínů, idiomů a méně obvyklých výrazů s fonetickou transkripcí, gramatický výklad, cvičení, konverzační text ze společenských oborů, náměty k diskusi a k samostatným slovním projevům.

• Konspekt
• Všeobecná příručková díla
• NLK Obory
• všeobecná příručková díla a encyklopedie
• lingvistika, lékařská terminologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice vysokých škol

• Klíčová slova
• angličtina, učebnice vysokých škol, učebnice jazykové,
• Publikační typ
• učebnice MeSH