• MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály analýza   MeSH
• enteroendokrinní buňky MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• slitiny zlata analýza   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• zubní slitiny analýza   škodlivé účinky   MeSH

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny analýza   krev   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• esenciální aminokyseliny analýza   krev   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• střeva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

• Publikační typ
• abstrakt z konference MeSH

Animal microbiomes play an important role in dietary adaptation, yet the extent to which microbiome changes exhibit parallel evolution is unclear. Of particular interest is an adaptation to extreme diets, such as blood, which poses special challenges in its content of proteins and lack of essential nutrients. In this study, we assessed taxonomic signatures (by 16S rRNA amplicon profiling) and potential functional signatures (inferred by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt)) of haematophagy in birds and bats. Our goal was to test three alternative hypotheses: no convergence of microbiomes, convergence in taxonomy and convergence in function. We find a statistically significant effect of haematophagy in terms of microbial taxonomic convergence across the blood-feeding bats and birds, although this effect is small compared to the differences found between haematophagous and non-haematophagous species within the two host clades. We also find some evidence of convergence at the predicted functional level, although it is possible that the lack of metagenomic data and the poor representation of microbial lineages adapted to haematophagy in genome databases limit the power of this approach. The results provide a paradigm for exploring convergent microbiome evolution replicated with independent contrasts in different host lineages. This article is part of the theme issue 'Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions'.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• Chiroptera genetika   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• ptáci genetika   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

• MeSH
• endokrinní systém MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• nemoci imunitního systému MeSH
• nemoci střev MeSH
• slizniční imunita MeSH
• střeva fyziologie   imunologie   MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• fyziologie
• alergologie a imunologie
• gastroenterologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

The objective of the study was to compare the efficiency of two species of yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), with or without a probiotic supplement, added to feed for piglets, on the basis of haematological blood indices and the gut microbiota. A total of 360 piglets (the average 27-d-old) were allotted to dietary treatments: 1) the basal control(C) diet, 2) the C diet + probiotic(P) (a mixture of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis), 3) the C diet +3%YL(Y), 4) the C diet +3%YL + probiotic(YP), 5) the C diet +3%SC(S) and 6) the C diet +3%SC + probiotic(SP). The study showed that YL yeast can be used in compound feeds for piglets interchangeably with SC yeast. The effect of YL on haematological blood parameters and the microbes colonizing the gut proved to be more beneficial than the effect of SC yeast. The combined application of YL or SC with a probiotic had a more favourable effect on the gut microbiota than the use of yeast alone. It should be noted, however, that supplementation of the compound feed with YL in combination with a probiotic reduced the multiplication of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in the intestinal contents, while the feed containing SC together with a probiotic did not. The dietary study confirmed that YL in combination with a probiotic is highly suitable for feeding piglets.

• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• krmivo pro zvířata MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• prasata krev   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• probiotika * MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Yarrowia MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Mammals are essentially born germ-free but the epithelial surfaces are promptly colonized by astounding numbers of bacteria soon after birth. The most extensive microbial community is harbored by the distal intestine. The gut microbiota outnumber ~10 times the total number of our somatic and germ cells. The host-microbiota relationship has evolved to become mutually beneficial. Studies in germ-free mice have shown that gut microbiota play a crucial role in the development of the immune system. The principal aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the presence of gut microbiota and the quality of a sterile diet containing various amounts of bacterial contaminants, measured by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content, can influence maturation of the immune system in gnotobiotic mice. RESULTS: We have found that the presence of gut microbiota and to a lesser extent also the LPS-rich sterile diet drive the expansion of B and T cells in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. The most prominent was the expansion of CD4+ T cells including Foxp3-expressing T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. Further, we have observed that both the presence of gut microbiota and the LPS-rich sterile diet influence in vitro cytokine profile of spleen cells. Both gut microbiota and LPS-rich diet increase the production of interleukin-12 and decrease the production of interleukin-4. In addition, the presence of gut microbiota increases the production of interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma. CONCLUSION: Our data clearly show that not only live gut microbiota but also microbial components (LPS) contained in sterile diet stimulate the development, expansion and function of the immune system. Finally, we would like to emphasize that the composition of diet should be regularly tested especially in all gnotobiotic models as the LPS content and other microbial components present in the diet may significantly alter the outcome of experiments.

• MeSH
• aktivace lymfocytů MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace MeSH
• cytokiny sekrece   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• gnotobiologické modely imunologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém mikrobiologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• imunologická tolerance MeSH
• lipopolysacharidy metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
• myši MeSH
• proliferace buněk MeSH
• regulační T-lymfocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• střeva imunologie   metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Th1 buňky cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Th2 buňky cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

• MeSH
• nemoci střev MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• gastroenterologie

Diarrhoea is a common clinical condition; its pathogenesis is strongly associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Limonitum is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that exerts appreciable benefits regarding the amelioration of diarrhoea. However, the mechanism through which Limonitum ameliorates diarrhoea remains unclear. Here, the efficacy and underlying mechanism of Limonitum decoction (LD) regarding diarrhoea were explored from the aspect of gut microbiota. Castor oil (CO) was used to induce diarrhoea in mice, which were then used to evaluate the effects of LD regarding the timing of the first defecation, diarrhoea stool rate, degree of diarrhoea, diarrhoea score, intestinal propulsive rate, and weight of intestinal contents. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric and valeric acids, were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota under exposure to LD. LD was found to effectively ameliorate the symptoms of diarrhoea, and the diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota were restored to normal levels following LD treatment. Additionally, LD significantly restored the observed reductions in SCFAs. These results provide strong evidence that LD can sufficiently ameliorate diarrhoea in mice by regulating their gut microbiota. The findings presented here highlight that Limonitum may constitute a prospective remedy for diarrhoea.

• MeSH
• myši MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• průjem MeSH
• ricinový olej MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to assess the ability of human gut microbiota to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes when transferred into germ-free NOD mice. METHODS: Two children with rapid and three children with slow beta cell function loss (as assessed by C-peptide AUC change in the mixed-meal tolerance tests performed 1 and 12 months after type 1 diabetes onset), participating in an ongoing trial with gluten-free diet, donated faeces, which were transferred into germ-free NOD mice. The mice were subsequently followed for diabetes incidence. RESULTS: The bacterial profiles of bacteriome-humanised mice had significantly (p < 10-5) lower alpha diversity than the donor material, with marked shifts in ratios between the main phyla. Diabetes onset was significantly delayed in all bacteriome-humanised colonies vs germ-free NOD mice, but the pace of beta cell loss was not transferable to the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Germ-free NOD mice colonised with human gut microbiome are able to adopt a large proportion of transferred bacterial content, although the ratios of main phyla are reproduced only suboptimally. The recipient mice did not replicate the phenotype of the stool donor in relation to the pace towards type 1 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02867436.

• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu mikrobiologie   terapie   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota fyziologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• myši inbrední NOD MeSH
• myši MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH