parrots
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Škubání peří u papoušků může mít mnoho příčin, velmi důležitá je důkladná anamnéza. Poměrně častou příčinou škubání peří jsou psychické a výživové problémy, další příčiny tvoří celou škálu onemocnění, například ektoparazité, hormonální poruchy, environmentální faktory a další. Autoři článku si kladou za cíl poukázat na možné příčiny škubání peří u papouška.
Feather plucking in parrots can have many causes, is very important is a thorough anamnesis. Relatively frequent cause of feather plucking are psychological and nutritional problems, other causes arrange a whole scale of diseases, such as: ectoparasites, hormonal disorders, environmental factors and others. The authors of the article aims to point out the possible causes of feather plucking in parrots.
- Klíčová slova
- škubání peří,
- MeSH
- chov zvířat MeSH
- nemoci ptáků * diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- papouškovití * MeSH
- peří * zranění MeSH
- stereotypní chování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
The formation of the concept of sameness is considered as a crucial cognitive ability which allows for other high cognitive functions in some species, e.g. humans. It is often operationalized as transfer of the matching rule to new stimuli in a matching-to-sample task. Animal species show great differences regarding the number of stimuli needed in training to be able to perform a full transfer to new stimuli. Not only apes appear to master this task, but also corvids among the birds were shown to reach a full transfer using only few stimuli. Using colour, shape and number stimuli in a matching-to-sample design, we tested four grey parrots for their ability to judge identity. Only a limited set of 8 stimulus cards were used in training. Pairs of "same" number stimuli were visually different thus allowing to be matched according to number of elements only. All four parrots successfully transferred to testing phases including testing with completely new stimuli and their performance did not drop with new stimuli. Including number stimuli invalidated some interpretations based on visual non-abstract processes and give evidence for formation of the concept of sameness.
Some African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), the most famous being Pepperberg's parrot Alex, are able to imitate human speech and produce labels referentially. In this study, the aim was to teach ten African grey parrots from two laboratories to label items. Training three parrots from the first laboratory for several months with the Model/Rival method, developed by Pepperberg, in which two humans interact in front of the subject to demonstrate the use of a label, led to disappointing results. Similarly, seven parrots from the second laboratory, having been trained with several variants of Model/Rival attained little success. After the informal observation of the efficiency of other methods (i.e. learning to imitate labels either spontaneously or with specific learning methods and use of these labels referentially), four different teaching methods were tested with two birds: the Model/Rival; Repetition/Association which consisted of repeating a label and presenting the item only when the parrot produced the label; Intuitive in which the experimenter handled an item and repeated its name in front of the subject; Diffusion in which labels with either variable or flat intonation were played back daily to parrots. One bird learned three labels, one of which was used referentially, with the Repetition/Association method. He learned one label non-referentially with the Model/Rival but no labels were acquired using the other methods. The second bird did not learn any labels. This study demonstrates that different methods can be efficient to teach labels referentially and it suggests that rearing conditions and interindividual variability are important features when assessing learning ability of African grey parrots.
- MeSH
- asociační učení fyziologie MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- interpretace statistických dat MeSH
- jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
- papouškovití fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- učení fyziologie MeSH
- vokalizace zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- vyučování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Francie MeSH
BACKGROUND: Parrots are one of the most frequently kept and bred bird orders in captivity. This increases poaching and thus the potential importance of captive populations for rescue programmes managed by zoos and related institutions. Both captive breeding and poaching are selective and may be influenced by the attractiveness of particular species to humans. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that the size of zoo populations is not only determined by conservation needs, but also by the perceived beauty of individual parrot species assessed by human observers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: For the purpose of data collection, we defined four sets of species (40 parrots, 367 parrots, 34 amazons, 17 macaws). Then, we asked 776 human respondents to evaluate parrot pictures of the selected species according to perceived beauty and we analyzed its association with color and morphological characters. Irrespective of the species set, we found a good agreement among the respondents. The preferred species tended to be large, colorful, and long-tailed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We repeatedly confirmed significant, positive association between the perceived beauty and the size of worldwide zoo population. Moreover, the range size and body size appeared to be significant predictors of zoo population size. In contrast, the effects of other explanatory variables, including the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) listing, appeared insignificant. Our results may suggest that zoos preferentially keep beautiful parrots and pay less attention to conservation needs.
- MeSH
- chov MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- krása MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- ohrožené druhy MeSH
- papouškovití fyziologie MeSH
- populační dynamika MeSH
- zvířata v ZOO fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Recent advances in avian melanogenesis have pinpointed multiple genetic loci associated with color polymorphisms, predominantly in the plumage of chickens, quails, and pigeons. However, the genetic basis of melaninization in parrot plumage remains elusive. Previously, we showed that mutations in the melanosomal ion-transporter SLC45A2 lead to a complete loss of blue structural color in green parrot feathers, leaving only yellow psittacofulvin. Yet, several color morphs involving partial or complete melanin reduction are common in captive-bred parrots that have not been studied. To bridge this gap, we investigated two new color morphs of parrot plumage: non-sex-linked recessive lutino (NSL), which entirely inhibits blue structural coloration, and the sex-linked recessive cinnamon, which reduces the intensity of blue structural coloration. Our genotypic analysis revealed that tyrosinase (TYR) variants are responsible for the NSL phenotype in Fischer's lovebird and green-cheeked parakeet, while tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1) variants are associated with the cinnamon phenotype in the rose-ringed parakeet. When transfected into HEK293T cells, the candidate substitutions significantly affected tyrosinase enzymatic activity. This study underscores tyrosinase and related enzymes' role in parrot feather coloration, enhancing our understanding of avian melanogenesis as well as the conserved functions of melanogenic components across different species.
- MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melaniny metabolismus MeSH
- oxidoreduktasy * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- papouškovití * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- peří * enzymologie metabolismus MeSH
- pigmentace * genetika MeSH
- ptačí proteiny * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- tyrosinasa * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- antigeny MeSH
- barvení a značení MeSH
- Chlamydia imunologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
- játra mikrobiologie MeSH
- karanténa MeSH
- komplement fixační testy MeSH
- perikard mikrobiologie MeSH
- psitakóza diagnóza MeSH
- Psittaciformes MeSH
- slezina mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- chlamydiové infekce diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- Chlamydophila psittaci imunologie přenos MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- papouškovití MeSH
- psitakóza diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- surveillance populace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
