pigmentation pattern
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BACKGROUND: Understanding the genetic basis of novel traits is a central topic in evolutionary biology. Two novel pigmentation phenotypes, egg-spots and blotches, emerged during the rapid diversification of East African cichlid fishes. Egg-spots are circular pigmentation markings on the anal fins of hundreds of derived haplochromine cichlids species, whereas blotches are patches of conspicuous anal fin pigmentation with ill-defined boundaries that occur in few species that belong to basal cichlid lineages. Both traits play an important role in the breeding behavior of this group of fishes. Knowledge about the origin, homology and underlying genetics of these pigmentation traits is sparse. RESULTS: Here, we present a comparative transcriptomic and differential gene expression analysis of egg-spots and blotches. We first conducted an RNA sequencing experiment where we compared egg-spot tissue with the remaining portion of egg-spot-free fin tissue using six individuals of Astatotilapia burtoni. We identified 1229 differentially expressed genes between the two tissue types. We then showed that rates of evolution of these genes are higher than average estimated on whole transcriptome data. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we found that 29 out of a subset of 46 differentially expressed genes showed an analogous expression pattern in another haplochromine species' egg-spots, Cynotilapia pulpican, strongly suggesting that these genes are involved in the egg-spot phenotype. Among these are the previously identified egg-spot gene fhl2a, two known patterning genes (hoxC12a and bmp3) as well as other pigmentation related genes such as asip. Finally, we analyzed the expression patterns of the same gene subset in two species that feature blotches instead of egg-spots, one haplochromine species (Pseudocrenilabrus philander) and one ectodine species (Callochromis macrops), revealing that the expression patterns in blotches and egg-spots are rather distinct. CONCLUSIONS: We identified several candidate genes that will serve as an important and useful resource for future research on the emergence and diversification of cichlid fishes' egg-spots. Only a limited degree of conservation of gene expression patterns was detected between the egg-spots of the derived haplochromines and blotches from ancestral haplochromines, as well as between the two types of blotches, suggesting an independent origin of these traits.
- MeSH
- anální kanál fyziologie MeSH
- cichlidy genetika MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- pigmentace kůže genetika MeSH
- ploutve zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- rybí proteiny genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza RNA metody MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The composition of metallic pigmentations in gingiva and dental roots was determined by means of transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. The systemic immune response to the metals found in the oral cavity was evaluated in 10 patients by using a modified lymphocyte proliferation test. Immunological results were compared with a group of five controls without metallic materials and pigmentation. Dense particles of various shapes and sizes, as well as of diverse extracellular and intracellular localization patterns, were detected in the pigmented lamina propria gingivae. Metallic deposits consisted predominantly of silver accompanied by selenium or sulfur or both. Besides, Ag, Au, Cr, Ni, Fe, Hg, Cu, and Ti were identified in dentinal tubules of teeth reconstructed with dental alloys. Nine patients with metallic pigmentations had a positive lymphocyte proliferative response to one or more metals present in their own metal reconstructions. Results of this study thus indicated that dental alloys-by virtue of their corrosion process-might pose a significant risk to immunologically susceptible patients.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- koroze MeSH
- kovy analýza škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroanalýza elektronovou sondou MeSH
- nemoci dásní chemicky indukované imunologie MeSH
- poruchy pigmentace chemicky indukované imunologie MeSH
- pozdní přecitlivělost etiologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- změna barvy zubů chemicky indukované imunologie MeSH
- zubní slitiny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications ; vol. 121
1st ed. x, 317 s., obr.
- Klíčová slova
- Formování vzorů - biologie, Modely matematické - biologie,
- Konspekt
- Biologické vědy
- NLK Obory
- biologie
- statistika, zdravotnická statistika
Autoři popisují tři případy klasické formy Kaposiho sarkomu u nemocných vyššího věku, z nichž jeden byl léčen metotrexátem pro revmatoidní artritidu. U všech nemocných bylo provedeno dermatoskopické vyšetření. Práce popisuje typický vzhled fenoménu duhy v polarizovaném světle, jeho roli při diagnostice onemocnění a poskytuje přehled současných poznatků o tomto onemocnění.
The authors describe three cases of classical form of Kaposi sarcoma in elderly patients, one of them treated by methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Dermoscopic examination was performed in all these patients. The paper describes typical rainbow pattern in polarized light, its role in disease diagnostics and summarizes current knowledge on this disease.
- MeSH
- dermatoskopie MeSH
- dolní končetina anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- herpetické infekce MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- Kaposiho sarkom * diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza etiologie terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory z pojivové a měkké tkáně MeSH
- radioterapie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Serratia marcescens forms different colony patterns under distinct conditions. One of them is the concentric fountain-shaped pattern with pigmented center followed by unpigmented ring and pigmented rim. In this work, we study this pattern formation by construction of the mathematical model able to display this pattern based on putative metabolical traits, supported by series of experiments and by references. A pattern formation of such colony type depends on the disposition of glucose and amino acids, and is accompanied by a pH change in the agar medium. In this paper, we confirm that a metabolic activity of growing colony alters its environment which subsequently changes the colony formation. Presented model corresponds well with the real colony behaviour.
Birds' eggshells are renowned for their striking colours and varied patterns. Although often considered exceptionally diverse, we report that avian eggshell coloration, sampled here across the full phylogenetic diversity of birds, occupies only 0.08-0.10% of the avian perceivable colour space. The concentrations of the two known tetrapyrrole eggshell pigments (protoporphyrin and biliverdin) are generally poor predictors of colour, both intra- and interspecifically. Here, we show that the constrained diversity of eggshell coloration can be accurately predicted by colour mixing models based on the relative contribution of both pigments and we demonstrate that the models' predictions can be improved by accounting for the reflectance of the eggshell's calcium carbonate matrix. The establishment of these proximate links between pigmentation and colour will enable future tests of hypotheses on the functions of perceived avian eggshell colours that depend on eggshell chemistry. More generally, colour mixing models are not limited to avian eggshell colours but apply to any natural colour. Our approach illustrates how modelling can aid the understanding of constraints on phenotypic diversity.
- MeSH
- pigmentace * MeSH
- ptáci fyziologie MeSH
- vaječná skořápka fyziologie MeSH
- zraková percepce * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Pigmented actinic keratosis (PAK) resembles lentigo maligna (LM) clinically and histopathologically in some cases. OBJECTIVES: To describe the dermatoscopical characteristics of this uncommon variant of actinic keratosis and evaluate whether these characteristics show common features with LM. OBSERVATIONS: We had the opportunity to examine a 78-year-old woman who presented with a PAK lesion on her face dermatoscopically and histopathologically. The pigmented pseudo-network had black and gray dust in some areas, which were the main dermatoscopical features. The pigmented pseudo-network was formed by an unhomogenous brown background interrupted by regularly distributed hair follicules. The hyperpigmentation was based not only on an increased presence of melanin within the keratinocytes in the basal and spinous layers of epidermis, but also an intensive apoptosis of keratinocytes connected to numerous melanophages. CONCLUSIONS: The dermatoscopical picture of PAK in this patient was practically indistinguishable from the early stage of LM. The authors considered that the pigmented atypical melanocytes' role in LM presenting as black dots in the dermatoscopical picture was displayed by the individually pigmented keratinocytes in PAK. The groups of melanophages presenting as gray dust were present in PAK similarly to their presentation in LM. The character of the pigmented pseudo-network is the same in the both afflictions. There is a need to examine other cases of PAK in order to decide whether our case represents a general pattern of the dermatoscopical picture.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- ještěři anatomie a histologie MeSH
- mikroskopie metody přístrojové vybavení využití MeSH
- pigmentace kůže fyziologie MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
- rozpoznávání automatizované metody MeSH
- teoretické modely MeSH
- uživatelské rozhraní počítače MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
The males of the Brimstone butterfly (Gonepteryx rhamni) have ultraviolet pattern on the dorsal surfaces of their wings. Using geometric morphometrics, we have analysed correlations between environmental variables (climate, productivity) and shape variability of the ultraviolet pattern and the forewing in 110 male specimens of G. rhamni collected in the Palaearctic zone. To start with, we subjected the environmental variables to principal component analysis (PCA). The first PCA axis (precipitation, temperature, latitude) significantly correlated with shape variation of the ultraviolet patterns across the Palaearctic. Additionally, we have performed two-block partial least squares (PLS) analysis to assess co-variation between intraspecific shape variation and the variation of 11 environmental variables. The first PLS axis explained 93% of variability and represented the effect of precipitation, temperature and latitude. Along this axis, we observed a systematic increase in the relative area of ultraviolet colouration with increasing temperature and precipitation and decreasing latitude. We conclude that the shape variation of ultraviolet patterns on the forewings of male Brimstones is correlated with large-scale environmental factors.
